IEEE
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) is a numbered referencing style used widely in electronics, engineering, telecommunications, computer science, and information technology reports.
IEEE
About IEEE
Before selecting a referencing style, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.
Before you use GenAI for assessment-related work you must check to ensure that your Subject Coordinator has authorised its use
Format for in-text citation
Sources that are referenced within a body of work are cited through the use of sequential numbers in square brackets (Example: [1]). They are numbered by their order of appearance.
Within the body of your work, citation numbers should be included on the same line of text that is being referenced, prior to any punctuation, with a space provided before the bracket. You will then use the same number for each subsequent citation of a source.
If you are citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference in its own brackets, then separate with a comma or dash: [1], [3], [5] [1] – [5]
Use et al. when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Author prominent
Author Surname and Author Surname [#]
Example: Adams and Smith [1]
Information prominent
[#]
Example: As shown by [1]
If you are using a direct quote, you should include the page number or range
Example: [1, p.231]
Format for Reference list
Place the reference list on a new page at the end of the assignment. The title of References will need to be centered at the top of the page.
In your reference list:
References will be listed numerically from [1] to [x]
Indent references and ensure the numbers appear in their own column and are aligned to the left of the page.
For source formatting, follow the example formats provided for each of the source types in this guide.
Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Quick Guide to IEEE
Download the Quick Guide to IEEE for a handy guide to the style, with a summary of the main elements and examples of the most commonly cited reference types.
Books
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Conferences and conference papers
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Datasets
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
Format for in-text citation
[#]
Author Surname et al. [#]
In-text citation example
Information prominent:
As shown in the CNC Machining Dataset [8]…
Author prominent:
Feil [8]
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation and capitalisation
[#] A. A. Author, Date, Year. “Title of Dataset,” distributed by Publisher/Distributor, http://url.com (or if DOI is used, end with a period)
Reference list example
[8] M. Feil, 2022. "Bosch CNC Machining Dataset", distributed by UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.04.022.
Style notes
- Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available.
- Abbreviated months (example: Jun.) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- In text citations: If there are more than three authors, use the primary author followed by et al.
- In the reference list: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al.
Names
Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Figures and tables (including images)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
GenAI text (eg. ChatGPT)
Before you use GenAI for assessment-related work you must check to ensure that your Subject Coordinator has authorised its use. Find more guidance and resources on the AI at Melbourne page.
IEEE has stated GenAI outputs, including products of chatbots, are not cited for publication purposes. When you are using AI in your assessments, you should treat the outputs as Unpublished Material / Private Communication.
Format for in-text citation
Elements, punctuation and capitalisation
(A. A. Author, type of unpublished document, Date)
In-text citation example
Generative AI can revolutionise research (OpenAI's ChatGPT, private communication, Jul. 3, 2023)
Format for reference list
You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List
Style Notes
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (E.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference guide for all abbreviations
- Use et al when three or more names (i.e. authors or editors) are given for a reference cited in the text.
- Dates: Use the Abbreviated Month Day, Year. Format for adding the date, for example: Jun. 3, 2018
Journals
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Lecture materials (including PowerPoint)
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
Format for in-text citation
Format for in-text citation
[#]
In-text citation example
…different methods of calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors was discussed by Strang [3] .
OR
As defined in [4], a DFA (Deterministic finite automata) is an abstract machine that solves a pattern matching problem.
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation and capitalisation
[#] A. A. Author. (Year). Title of lecture [Type of Medium]. Available: URL
OR
[#] Title of the Lecture Note. (Year). Title of lecture, [Type of Medium]. Available: URL
Reference list example
[3] G. Strang (2020). Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/GyC3gl6weYo
OR
[4] Introduction to Theoretical CS (2020). Computer Science, an interdisciplinary approach [PowerPoint slides]. Available: https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/lectures/keynote/CS.14.IntroTheory.pdf
Style notes:
- If the author's name is not available, start with the title of the lecture.
- If including the month information before the year, use the abbreviated month format.
Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Online video
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
Format for in-text citation
[#]
In-text citation example
Examples of Green Urea applications can be already be observed [4].
Induction motors [6] are one of the most widely used types of electric motors, and they have numerous applications across various industries.
Library collections are varied and extend beyond books [1].
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation and capitalisation
[#] Video Owner/Creator, Location (if available). Title of Video: In Initial Caps. (Release date). Accessed: Abbrev. Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: URL
Reference list example
[4] Incitec Pivot Fertilisers, Portland, Victoria, Australia. Get Flexibility With Green Urea NV. (Oct. 14, 2022). Accessed: Jan. 26, 2023. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=823800125472039
[6] Lesics, Pune, India. How Does An Induction Motor Work? (Aug. 31, 2017). Accessed: Mar. 30, 2023. [Online Video]. Available: https://youtu.be/AQqyGNOP_3o
[1] The World’s Most Magnificent Libraries (Sep. 26, 2017). Accessed: June 9, 2023 [Online Video]. Available: https://youtu.be/PeLoyrDqL_A
Style notes
- If the author's name is not available, start with the title of the video.
- If the date of the video is not available, use "n.d." instead.
Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Patents and standards
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Reports and technical reports
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
Format for in-text citation
[#]
In-text citation example
The potential for hydrogen storage in Victoria was examined in 2022 [11].
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation and capitalisation
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of Report,” Abbreviated Name of Company or Institution, City, State, Country, Report Number, (optional: vol./issue),Year.
Reference list example
[11] R. Eid and L.M. Goldie Divko, "Preliminary investigation of the hydrogen storage potential in the Port Campbell Embayment, Onshore Otway Basin" GSV, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, MP-R-169593, 2022.
Style notes
- If the author is not available, start with the title of the report.
- Include the name of the organization that published the report.
- In text citations: If there are more than three authors, use the primary author followed by et al.
- In the reference list: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al.
Names
Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Software
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Theses and dissertations
Unpublished documents
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Websites & social media
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Sample Bibliography
Reference List
[1] Ó. D. García-García, V. Carriel, and J. Chato-Astrain, “Myelin histology: A key tool in nervous system research,” Neural Regen. Res., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 277–281, 2024, doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.375318.
[2] J. Su et al., “Clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic components, and molecular mechanisms of antiviral granules in the treatment of influenza: A systematic review,” J. Ethnopharmacol., vol. 318, no. Pt B, p. 117011, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117011.
[3] S. Perdan, A. Azapagic, and R. Clift, “Teaching sustainable development to engineering students,” Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 267–279, 2000.
[4] E. L. Houghton and P. W. Carpenter, Aerodynamics for engineering students. Elsevier, 2003. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780080966328/aerodynamics-for-engineering-students
[5] D. Kilgore, C. J. Atman, K. Yasuhara, T. J. Barker, and A. Morozov, “Considering Context: A Study of First‐Year Engineering Students,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 321–334, Oct. 2007, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2007.tb00942.x.
[6] R. M. Felder and R. Brent, “The Intellectual Development of Science and Engineering Students. Part 1: Models and Challenges,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 269–277, Oct. 2004, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00816.x.
[7] A. Kirn and L. Benson, “Engineering Students’ Perceptions of Problem Solving and Their Future,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 87–112, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1002/jee.20190.
[8] M. A. Hutchison, D. K. Follman, M. Sumpter, and G. M. Bodner, “Factors Influencing the Self-Efficacy Beliefs of First-Year Engineering Students,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 39–47, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2006.tb00876.x.