Including images in your work
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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Image/ photograph/ artwork from a book
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist, Title, year.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
Fig. 2. George Stubbs, Tiger Skeleton, Lateral View, ca. 1795 - 1806.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist (surname, given name). Title of image. In Author/s of book. Title of Book, page number/s. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
List of figures example
Fig. 2. Stubbs, George. Tiger skeleton, lateral view. ca. 1795-1806. In Lippincott, Louise and Andreas Bluhm. Fierce friends: artists and animals, 1750-1900, 64. London: Merrell, 2005.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for artworks is artist, title, year.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format.
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- If date is approximate, use ca.
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Online image/artwork from a database
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist, Title, year.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
Fig. 3. Agnes Martin, The Lute, 1964.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist's name (surname, given name). Title of Image. Year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository / Gallery / Museum, City. Database name/ URL.
List of figures example
Fig. 3. Martin, Agnes. The Lute. 1964. Drawing, 27.9 x 27.7 cm. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. www.artstor.org.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for artworks is artist, title, year.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format.
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235
- If date is approximate, use ca.
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Online image/artwork
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist, Title, year.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
Fig. 4. Emily Kame Kngwarreye (Anmatyerr), Arlatyeye, c.1995.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist (surname, given name). Title of image. Year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository / Gallery / Museum, City. URL.
List of figures example
Fig. 4. Kngwarreye, Emily Kame (Anmatyerr). Arlatyeye. c. 1995. Synthetic polymer paint on canvas, 121 x 91 cm. National Gallery of Australia, Canberra. https://artsearch.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?irn=275250.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for artworks is artist, title, year
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235
- If date is approximate, use ca.
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Artwork (viewed in a gallery or collection)
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist, Title, year.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
If using an official image from the institution:
Fig.6. Gail Hastings, To make a work of timeless art, 1996.If using an unofficial image, like your own photo of the work:
Fig.7. Gail Hastings, To make a work of timeless art, 1996; 2014. Photographer: Ruth McConchieFormat for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist (surname, given name). Title, date/year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository/Gallery/Museum, City.
List of figures example
Fig.6. Hastings, Gail. To make a work of timeless art. 1996. Synthetic polymer on wood, watercolour on paper, dimensions variable. Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney.
Fig.7. Hastings, Gail. To make a work of timeless art. 1996; 2014. Synthetic polymer on wood, watercolour on paper, dimensions variable. Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for artworks is artist, title, year.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235
- If date is approximate, use ca.
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Image/ artwork from a journal
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist, Title, year.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
Fig. 7. Rachel Harrison, Huffy Howler, 2004.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist (surname, given name). Title of image. Year. In Title of Journal, volume number, issue number(Year): page/s.
List of figures example
Fig. 7. Harrison, Rachel. Huffy Howler. 2004. In Artforum 58, no. 5 (2020): 182.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for artworks is artist, title, year.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format.
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- If date is approximate, use ca.
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Your own artwork
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist, Title, year. Photographer (if not artist): Name of Photographer.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
Fig.1. Hannah Gartside, Ascension 1 (Angels), 2019.
Fig.5. Kate Just, How I Will Change, 2018. Photographer: Simon Strong.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist (surname, given name). Title. date/year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository/Gallery/Museum, City.
List of figures example
Fig.1. Gartside, Hannah. Ascension 1 (Angels). 2019. Found nighties, millinery wire, thread, steel, paint, 2.5 x 3 x 3m. The Stables, Victorian College of the Arts, Melbourne.
Fig.5. Just, Kate. How I Will Change. 2018. Installation of neon texts, wall paint, dimensions variable. Project Space, RMIT, Melbourne.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for artworks is artist, title, year.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- Medium, dimensions and so forth should be included in the list of figures as appropriate. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format.
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235
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Screenshot from an artwork/ film/ video
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30 , 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. "Title/ Description of Screenshot," Director/Artist, Title of work, year.
You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
Caption example
Fig. 6. "Facing exterior, facing camera," Bruce Naumann, Dance or Walk on the Perimeter of a Square, 1967-68.
Fig. 10. "Interrogation scene," Kathryn Bigelow, Zero Dark Thirty, 2013.
Fig. 12. "Christmas light ouija board scene," Shawn Levy, Stranger Things, "Holly, Jolly," 2016.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Artist/ Director (surname, given name). Title of work. Year. Medium, duration of work. Repository / Gallery / Museum, City. Date (of publication, modification or access). URL.
OR
Figure number. Title of Production, directed by Director/s (Year of release; Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Medium/URL.
OR
Figure number. Title, season, episode, "Title of episode," directed by Director, access date, streaming service.
List of figures examples
Fig. 6. Naumann, Bruce. Dance or Walk on the Perimeter of a Square. 1967-68. 16 mm black and white film, 8: 24 min. Electronic Arts Intermix, New York. Accessed February 6, 2020. http://www.ubu.com/film/nauman_perimeter.html.
OR
Fig. 10. Zero Dark Thirty, directed by Kathryn Bigelow (2012; Newtown, N.S.W.: Icon Film Distribution, 2013), DVD.
OR
Fig. 12. Stranger Things, season 1, episode 3, "Holly, Jolly," directed by Shawn Levy, accessed December 15, 2019, https://www.netflix.com/watch/80077370?trackId=13752289.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for a screenshot is the title of the scene, director/artist, title of work, year.
- Titles or descriptions of screenshots should be placed within quotation marks, with the title of the larger work italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format.
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.261 , 14.265 and Manual 14.235. See also Turabian 17.8.3.1.
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Image/ photograph of a performance/ dance
These examples show you how to reference images that you include in your work. They are based on the Chicago Manual, sections 3.22, 3.27, 3.30, 3.32 and 3.38. Please consult your lecturer or supervisor for specific requirements.
Images must have a caption, and a full citation in a list of figures. Give each image a figure number. You may abbreviate figure as fig. See Manual 3.23.
Format for captions
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Director/Choreographer, Title of work, year. Photographer: Name of Photographer.
Caption examples
Fig. 5. Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present, 2010.OR
Fig. 7. Anouk van Dijk, Rule of Thirds, 2016. Photographer: Pippa Samaya.OR
Fig. 9. Sarah Goodes, Golden Shield, 2019. Photographer: Jeff Busby.Format for list of figures
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Figure number. Title of Work. [By] Author of Script (if relevant). [Directed/ Choreographed by] Director(s)/Choreographer(s). Venue, Place of Performance, Year of Performance.
List of figures examples
Fig. 5. The Artist is Present. Performed by Marina Abramović. Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2010.
OR
Fig. 7. Rule of Thirds. Choreographed by Anouk van Dijk. Chunky Move Studios, Melbourne, 2016.
OR
Fig. 9. Golden Shield. By Anchuli Felicia King. Directed by Sarah Goodes. Melbourne Theatre Company, Melbourne, 2019.
Style notes for this reference type
- The minimum information to include in a caption for a screenshot is the director/choreographer, title of work, year.
- If referencing the lighting designer, costume designer, set designer or sound designer or performers, describe their contribution in body of the text. If it is a one-person performance, use the performer in place of the director/choreographer.
- If appropriate include descriptive information about the scene or section in the photograph before the director/choreographer.
- Descriptions of scene or section should be placed within quotation marks, with the title of the larger work italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22.
- Include a list of figures, using bibliography format.
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.261 , 14.265 and Manual 14.235. See also Turabian 17.8.3.1.
- For an online live performance use format from Screenshot from an artwork/film/video.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
Footnotes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |