AMA (Vancouver)

AMA (Vancouver)

Quick Guide to AMA

Download the Quick Guide to AMA for a handy guide to the style, with a summary of the main elements and examples of the most commonly cited reference types.

About AMA

AMA is a numbered referencing style often used in medicine and health sciences. It has two key components:

  1. A citation in the body of your text, with a number to identify the entry in the reference list.
  2. A corresponding entry, using the same number, in the reference list at the end of the document, which contains all the details to find a source.

Basic Principles

In text citations

  • In text citations are in superscript1 and in order of appearance (the first citation is 1 the second citation is 2).
  • The number for a source stays the same (the source you used for the first citation is always 1).
  • Use initials for all of the given names of the author, with no punctuation in between surname and initials.
  • After 3 authors use et al
  • Journal titles, book titles or websites use title case (all words except minor words are capitalised).
  • Book and journal titles appear in italics.
  • Journal articles, book chapters or web objects, use sentence case (an initial capital for the first word and any proper nouns with all other words in lower case).
  • Use a DOI for online resources, if available, in the format doi:xxxx. For example:
  • If no DOI is available use a URL and include a date accessed in the format Month Day, Year for example:

Reference list

Guide to referencing

In text citations

In text citations across all resources types are the same.

Example:
>Recent research 1 has revealed heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems is a prediction of chronic disease.

Reference list

Book reference

Author. Title of Book: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year. doi:xxxx OR Accessed Month Day, Year Accessible URL

Example:
Martindale W. Coca and Cocaine: Their History, Medical and Economic Uses, and Medicinal Preparations. H. K. Lewis; 1892. Accessed 18 December, 2025. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/70643

Book chapter reference

Author (of chapter). Title of chapter. In: Editors (of book). Title of Book. Edition. Publisher; Year. doi:xxxxx OR Accessed Month Day, Year Accessible URL

Example:
Carew P, Flynn T. Hearing and language. In: Law J, Reilly S, McKean C, eds. Language Development: Individual Differences in a Social Context. Cambridge University Press; 2022. doi:10.1017/9781108643719

Journal article reference

Author. Article title. Journal Title. Year;Volume(Issue):Page numbers. doi:xxxx OR Accessed Month Day, Year Accessible URL

Example:
Tian YE, Cropley V, Maier AB, Lautenschlager NT, Breakspear M, Zalesky A. Heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality. Nat Med. 2023;29(5):1221-1231. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02296-6

Report reference

Author A. Title of Report. Organisation; Year. doi:10.xxx OR Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
Victorian Health and Wellbeing Plan 2023–2027. Victoria State Government, Department of Health; 2024. Accessed December 18, 2025. https://www.health.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-06/2304413_vic-health-wellbeing-plan_2023_2027_web.pdf

About AMA style (Vancouver)

AMA (Vancouver) is a numbered referencing style often used in medicine and health sciences. It was developed by the American Medical Association for use in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

There are two elements:

  • Citations in the text, indicated by a number.
  • A reference list at the end of the document providing full details of the in-text citations, keeping the original numbering.

There are other variations of this style that may be referred to as the Vancouver style.

AMA style FAQs

Here are some FAQs on the AMA style.

Also check the Tips on each reference type for more.

  • In-text citations are given a superscript number in the order they appear in the text.

    In-text citation example

    Salmonella infections are common worldwide with an estimated 150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually.1

    Rules for in-text citations with examples

    Use superscript Arabic numerals

    Several studies have shown1,2 ...

    Numbers placed after a comma and before colons and semicolons.

    The data were as follows5:

    Previous research shows,4…

    Try to avoid putting numbers at the end of the sentence. If needed put after the full stop.

    Salmonella infections are common worldwide with an estimated 150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually.1

    Use commas without spaces to separate two sources

    The case studies7,8 indicated...

    For three or more references in numerical order, use a hyphen to join the first and last numbers.

    Meta-analysis of research shows,9–14…

  • How an individual reference looks depends on the resource type.

    Explore resource types to view templates and more examples.

    Reference example - journal article

    Seed SM, Khov SL, Binguad FS, Abraham GM, Aungst TD. Identification and review of mobile applications for travel medicine practitioners and patients. J Travel Med. 2016;23(4):taw034. doi:10.1093/jtm/taw034

    Reference example - book chapter

    Carew P, Flynn T. Hearing and language. In: Law J, Reilly S, McKean C, eds., Language Development: Individual Differences in a Social Context. Cambridge University Press; 2022. doi:10.1017/9781108643719

  • Titles of book chapters and journal articles are in sentence case.

    • Sentence case means using an initial capital for the first word and any proper nouns. All other words are in lower case.
    • Proper nouns are the specific names of people, places, organisations or things.

    Titles of whole books and journals are in title case.

    • Title case means all words except minor words are capitalised.
    • Minor words  are three letters or fewer.

    Minor words examples

    and, as ,but, for, if, nor, or, so, yet
    a, an, the
    as, at, by, for in, of, off, on per, to, up, via

  • The reference list contains all the citations you have referred to in your text. They appear in the same numerical order as the citations.

    See Sample reference list for a paragraph with in-text citations and a corresponding reference list

    Reference list example

    References

    1. Romanello M, Napoli CD, Green C, et al. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms. Lancet. 2023;402(10419):2346–2394. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01859-7
    2. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: key facts. Published 23 December 2024. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
    3. Shanafelt TD, West CP, Sinsky C, et al. Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(12):2248-2258. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.07.003
    4. Yeates N, Pillinger J. International healthcare worker migration in Asia Pacific: International policy responses. Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 2018 Apr;59(1):92-106.
    5. World Health Organization. Health Workforce Mobility and Retention in Asia-Pacific. World Health Organization; 2023.
    6. Walton‑Roberts M. Global Health Worker Migration: Problems and Solutions. Cambridge University Press; 2023.

    Reference list rules

    • References are listed in numerical order, and in the same order in which they are cited in the text.
    • Appears at the end of your paper, before appendices on a new page with the title 'References'.
    • Can be indented or not, your choice.

  • Using the information on Re:cite should be enough to create citations and references, however if you need further information you can check the style manual.

    AMA Manual of Style, 11th Edition (ebook).

    Univerity of Melbourne login required

Reference Management tools

Access AMA style in Endnote and Zotero and a quick export from PubMed.

  • Download from the Zotero style repository

    Zotero style repository - American Medical Association 11th edition

  • The JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) output style can be added to your list of styles.

    • Tools > Output styles > New style (choose JAMA) and add to your frequently used styles.

  • You can output the text of a reference in Vancouver style from PubMed.

    This is suitable for placing directly in documents, not for use in reference management software.

    Click Cite > Format (choose AMA)

    screenshot of pubmed cite button

Archival and primary sources

Archival sources

The AMA Manual of Style does not provide specific advice for archival material. It does, however, refer to items in 'special collections' (s.3.13.5). The guidance provided here is based on that advice.

Reference list

Reference list template

Author Family Name, first initial. Title. Date, Location.


Note: the elements used in an entry in the reference list will vary depending on the nature of the source being cited and the information that is available.

Reference list example

1. Barrett, J.W. Consolidated Papers of James William Barrett . 1883-1946; UMA-ACE-19690015. Located at: University of Melbourne Archives, Melbourne, Australia.

Primary sources

What are primary sources?

Primary sources are original sources of information that were produced during the time period being studied or researched. This may include direct, first hand accounts by people who were connected to the events, or manuscripts and other works that were a direct product of the time and reflect or report contemporaneous events.

Primary sources include:

Books & book chapters

Book refers to print books and ebooks where one author wrote the entire book. If different authors wrote chapters you need to include every book chapter referred to in your reference list.

In-text citation

In text citations for book references follow the same format as all other reference types, using a superscript number.

You can use either information prominent or author prominent sentences, see incorporating sources from Academic Skills for more examples.

Information prominent example

Uses in 19th century medicine included3 …

Author prominent example

Carew and Flynn4 suggest this is under-represented in the literature because…

Reference List

If an ebook has a DOI use this, if not use a URL accessible to your reader.

  • Entire print book template

    Author. Title of Book: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year.

    Entire print book example

    1. Doherty P. An Insider's Plague Year. Melbourne University Press; 2021

  • Entire ebook with accessible URL template

    Author. Title of book: subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

    Entire ebook with accessible URL example

    3. Martindale W. Coca and Cocaine: Their History, Medical and Economic Uses, and Medicinal Preparations. H. K. Lewis; 1892. Accessed 2 June, 2023. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/70643

  • Entire ebook with DOI template

    Author. Title of book: subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year. doi:xxxxx

    Entire ebook with DOI example

    2. Glenn RW. Come Hell or High Fever: Readying the World's Megacities for Disaster. ANU Press; 2023. doi:10.22459/CHHF.202

  • Entire ebook with DOI template

    Author (of chapter). Title of chapter. In: Editors (of book). Title of Book. Edition. Publisher; Year.

  • Author (of chapter). Title of chapter. In: Editors (of book). Title of Book. Edition. Publisher; Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

    • If a DOI is present use this
    • If no DOI is present use a URL that will be accessible to your reader

  • Ebook chapter with DOI template

    Author (of chapter). Title of chapter. In: Editors (of book). Title of Book. Edition. Publisher; Year. doi:xxxxx

    Ebook chapter with DOI example

    4. Carew P, Flynn T. Hearing and language. In: Law J, Reilly S, McKean C, eds. Language Development: Individual Differences in a Social Context. Cambridge University Press; 2022. doi:10.1017/9781108643719

    • If a DOI is present use this
    • If no DOI is present use a URL that will be accessible to your reader

Tips for this reference type

  • Rules for numbers of authors

    No author
    • leave blank.
    • Don't use Anonymous unless the author is specifically credited as Anonymous.
    1 author
    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.

    Doherty P.

    2-6 authors
    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • Use a comma to separate authors.

    Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y.

    6+ authors
    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • After 3 authors use et al

    Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al.

    No author example

    Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941. World Scientific; 1999.

    1 author example

    Doherty P. An Insider's Plague Year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    2-6 authors example

    Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y. Second Languages and Australian Schooling. Australian Education Review. ACER Press; 2009. Doherty P. An Insider's Plague Year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    6+ authors example

    Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations. Lancet. 2023;401(10383):1214-1228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00012-0

  • Titles of book chapters are in sentence case.

    • Sentence case means using an initial capital for the first word and any proper nouns. All other words are in lower case.
    • Proper nouns are the specific names of people, places, organisations or things.

    Titles of  books are in title case.

    • Title case means all words except minor words are capitalised.
    • Minor words  are three letters or fewer.

    Minor words examples

    and, as ,but, for, if, nor, or, so, yet
    a, an, the
    as, at, by, for in, of, off, on per, to, up, via

  • If you find elements of your references are missing using the following wording in your references:

    Year of publication missing?

    date unknown

    Publisher missing?

    publisher unknown

    Author missing?

    Leave blank

    • Do not use Anonymous for no author. This is only used if the author is specifically credited as Anonymous

  • For book chapters in authored book (rather than a book with editors and different authors for book chapters) refer to entire book.

  • Include edition number if it's not the first edition.

  • Use 'Forthcoming' after publisher. 'In press' is no longer used.

    • A DOI (digital object identifier) is a more permanent location for an online resource than a regular web link.
    • Always include if available, most online journal articles or ebooks will have one.
    • More on DOIs

  • AMA style manual 3.12 References to books (ebook).

    University of Melbourne login required

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

AMA Style FAQs

General Referencing FAQs

Permanent link to this page (books and book chapters):  https://library.unimelb.edu.au/recite/referencing-styles/vancouver/book

Journal articles

In-text citation example

Recent research1 has revealed heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems is a prediction of chronic disease.

Reference list templates

  • Author. Article title. Journal Title. Year;Volume(Issue):Page numbers.

  • Author. Article title. Journal Title. Year;Volume(Issue):Page numbers. doi:xxxxx

  • Author. Article title. Journal Title. Year;Volume(Issue):Page numbers. Accessed Month Day, Year. Accessible URL

Reference list example

1. Tian YE, Cropley V, Maier AB, Lautenschlager NT, Breakspear M, Zalesky A. Heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality. Nat Med. 2023;29(5):1221-1231. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02296-6

  Tips for journal articles

  • In-text citations are given a superscript number in the order they appear in the text.

    In text citation example

    Salmonella infections are common worldwide with an estimated 150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually.1

    Rules for in-text citations with examples

    Use superscript Arabic numerals

    Several studies have shown1,2 ...

    Numbers placed after a comma and before colons and semicolons.

    The data were as follows5:

    Previous research shows,4…

    Try to avoid putting numbers at the end of the sentence. If needed put after the full stop.

    Salmonella infections are common worldwide with an estimated 150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually.1

    Use commas without spaces to separate two sources

    The case studies7,8 indicated...

    For three or more references in numerical order, use a hyphen to join the first and last numbers.

    Meta-analysis of research shows,9–14…

  • Titles of journal articles are in sentence case.

    • Sentence case means using an initial capital for the first word and any proper nouns. All other words are in lower case.
    • Proper nouns are the specific names of people, places, organisations or things.

    Titles of  journals are in title case.

    • Title case means all words except minor words are capitalised.
    • Minor words  are three letters or fewer.

    Minor words examples

    and, as ,but, for, if, nor, or, so, yet
    a, an, the
    as, at, by, for in, of, off, on per, to, up, via

  • Rules for authors with examples

    No author

    • leave blank.
    • Don't use Anonymous unless the author is specifically credited as Anonymous.

    1 author

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.

    Doherty P.

    2-6 authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • Use a comma to separate authors.

    Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y.

    6+ authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • After 3 authors use et al

    Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al.

    No author example

    Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941. World Scientific; 1999.

    1 author example

    Doherty P. An Insider's Plague Year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    2-6 authors example

    Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y. Second Languages and Australian Schooling. Australian Education Review. ACER Press; 2009. Doherty P. An Insider's Plague Year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    6+ authors example

    Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations. Lancet. 2023;401(10383):1214-1228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00012-0

  • Use the  NLM (National Library of Medicine) Catalog abbreviations, don’t make up your own.

    • A DOI (digital object identifier) is a more permanent location for an online resource than a regular web link.
    • Always include if available, most online journal articles or ebooks will have one.
    • More on DOIs

Further help

AMA Style FAQs

General Referencing FAQs

Library Chat

Can't find the answer in the FAQs? Ask a librarian in the chat box below.

JAWS users can press Insert + F5 to read back the full chat history. Use arrow keys to skip lines. Use the Plus key on the number pad to exit forms mode.

Permanent link to this page (journal articles):  https://library.unimelb.edu.au/recite/referencing-styles/vancouver/journal

GenAI text (eg ChatGPT)

There are no specific guidelines for citing AI tools and technologies in the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, which is used as the basis for AMA style. In the interim, references from GenAI text are being treated as personal communications.

Before you use GenAI for assessment-related work you must check to ensure that your Subject Coordinator has authorised its use. Find more guidance and resources on the AI at Melbourne page.

In-text citation

Template

(Type of communication, Communicator, Month Day, Year)

Example

according to an online chat with OpenAI's ChatGPT AI language model (February 24, 2023).

or

In a chat response from OpenAI's ChatGPT (February 24, 2023) …

Newspaper articles

In-text citation

Devlin reports1 that chefs have been introducing ambient odours to enhance the olfactory environment of a specific dish.

Reference List

Print newspaper article template

Author. Article title. Newspaper Title. Month Day, Year:Page or Section number.

Online newspaper article template

Author. Article title. Newspaper Title. Month Day, Year:Page or Section number. Accessed Month Day, Year. doi:xxxxx or URL

Online newspaper article example

1. Devlin H. Tasteful aroma: should restaurants ban diners from wearing strong perfumes? The Guardian. June 16, 2023. Accessed 23 June, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jun/16/tasteful-aroma-should-restaurants-ban-diners-from-wearing-strong-perfumes


Permanent link (newspaper articles): https://library.unimelb.edu.au/recite/referencing-styles/vancouver/newspaper/

Style notes for newspaper articles

  • Number of authorsExample
    0 Leave blank
    1 Doherty P
    2-6 Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y.
    6+ Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al

    No author

    • Leave author blank.
    • Don't use Anonymous unless the author is specifically credited as Anonymous

      • Nobel lectures in physiology or medicine 1922-1941. World Scientific 1999.

    1 author

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.

      • Doherty P. An insider's plague year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    2–6 authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • Use a comma to separate authors.

      • Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y. Second languages and Australian schooling. Australian Education Review. ACER Press; 2009.

    6+ authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • After 3 authors use et al

      • Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations. Lancet. 2023;401(10383):1214-1228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00012-0

  • Add a city name if necessary for clarification.

Web and social media

Reference type

     

Style notes for websites and social media

  • Number of authorsExample
    0 Leave blank
    1 Doherty P
    2-6 Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y.
    6+ Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al

    No author

    • Leave author blank.
    • Don't use Anonymous unless the author is specifically credited as Anonymous

      • Nobel lectures in physiology or medicine 1922-1941. World Scientific 1999.

    1 author

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.

      • Doherty P. An insider's plague year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    2–6 authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • Use a comma to separate authors.

      • Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y. Second languages and Australian schooling. Australian Education Review. ACER Press; 2009.

    6+ authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • After 3 authors use et al

      • Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations. Lancet. 2023;401(10383):1214-1228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00012-0

  • It is common for element to be missing from web references. Only include the details you can see on the resource.

Theses

Format for in-text citation

Example

The design was informed by the need for bodily communication.1

Format for Reference List

Elements, punctuation and capitalisation

Print theses

Author. Title. Type of thesis. University that awarded the degree; Year of completion.

Online theses

Author. Title. Type of thesis. University that awarded the degree; Year of completion. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example

1. Aggarwal D. Supporting bodily communication in video consultations of physiotherapy. Dissertation. The University of Melbourne; 2018. Accessed 21 June 2023. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/216259


Permanent link (theses): https://library.unimelb.edu.au/recite/referencing-styles/vancouver/theses

Style notes for theses

  • Number of authorsExample
    0 Leave blank
    1 Doherty P
    2-6 Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y.
    6+ Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al

    No author

    • Leave author blank.
    • Don't use Anonymous unless the author is specifically credited as Anonymous

      • Nobel lectures in physiology or medicine 1922-1941. World Scientific 1999.

    1 author

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.

      • Doherty P. An insider's plague year. Melbourne University Press; 2021.

    2–6 authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • Use a comma to separate authors.

      • Lo Bianco J, Slaughter Y. Second languages and Australian schooling. Australian Education Review. ACER Press; 2009.

    6+ authors

    • Use initials for all of the given names of the author.
    • No punctuation in between surname and initials.
    • After 3 authors use et al

      • Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations. Lancet. 2023;401(10383):1214-1228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00012-0

Further help

General style notes

Formatting in-text citations and reference lists in the Vancouver style.

Referencing FAQs

Referencing FAQs not specific to a style.

Sample reference list

Healthcare worldwide is in crisis. In addition to the health impacts of climate change 1 and rising chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs)2, workforce issues such as aging populations, staff shortages, burnout and attrition are major threats to healthcare systems3-4. These issues have created an incentive for health professionals to migrate from lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as  Philippines, India, Indonesia, and several Pacific Island nations5-6 to high-income nations such as Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Singapore5 to fill gaps in the workforce.

References

  1. Romanello M, Napoli CD, Green C, et al. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms. Lancet. 2023;402(10419):2346–2394. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01859-7
  2. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: key facts. Published 23 December 2024. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
  3. Shanafelt TD, West CP, Sinsky C, et al. Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(12):2248-2258. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.07.003
  4. Yeates N, Pillinger J. International healthcare worker migration in Asia Pacific: International policy responses. Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 2018 Apr;59(1):92-106.
  5. World Health Organization. Health Workforce Mobility and Retention in Asia-Pacific. World Health Organization; 2023.
  6. Walton‑Roberts M. Global Health Worker Migration: Problems and Solutions. Cambridge University Press; 2023.

Reference list rules

  • References are listed in numerical order, and in the same order in which they are cited in the text.
  • Appears at the end of your paper, before appendices on a new page with the title 'References'.
  • Can be indented or not, your choice.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

AMA Style FAQs

General Referencing FAQs

Further help


If you are unsure about which referencing style to use, check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by your Faculty, School or Department.


Got citing and referencing questions?

Frequently Asked Questions


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