Lecture or presentation


You may need to consult more than one section of Re:cite to accurately represent the source used. Your citation may look different depending on the number of authors it has. Check the About Chicago A page for further advice.


Personal communication may include (but is not limited to) email, fax, interview, conversations, direct or private messages via social media, telephone conversations and letters.

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

22. Presenter, “Title of lecture,” Type of presentation, Venue/Institution, Place, Date, Year.

Footnote example

First entry:

22. Bill Henson, “Bill Henson on Piranesi,” lecture, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 27 February, 2014.

24. Nick Selenitsch, “The Northern Renaissance: Unintentional Revolutions,” lecture, University of Melbourne (virtual), 17 May, 2020.

Online video:

25. Eric Oliver, “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things,” moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

Second and subsequent entries:

26. Henson, lecture.

29. Selentisch, lecture.

Format for bibliography

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

Presenter (Surname, First name). "Title of lecture." Type of presentation, Venue/Institution, Place, date, year.

Bibliography entry example

Henson, Bill. "Bill Henson on Piranesi." Lecture, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 27 February, 2014.

Selentisch, Nick. "The Northern Renaissance: Unintentional Revolutions." Lecture, University of Melbourne (virtual), 17 May, 2020. 

Online video:

Eric Oliver. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.


Tips for this reference type

  • See Manual 14.115
  • If you watched or listened to the presentation online, you can also treat it as you would an online resource (see video or audio for examples).
  • If the information is accessed or available online, include the URL as the final part of the citation.
  • If the paper is included in published proceedings it may be treated like a chapter in a book or published in a journal, it is treated as a journal article.
  • For recorded lectures and talks, see 14.164, 14.167.
  • Parentheses (shown in previous editions of this manual) no longer enclose information about the presentation.
  • Informal description of the presentation place can go in Parentheses or incorporated into the Type of presentation information.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)