Referring to images/ artworks
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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Image/photograph/artwork from a book
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
1. Artist, Title of image, year, in Author name/s, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
1. George Stubbs, Tiger Skeleton, Lateral View, ca. 1795-1806, in Louise Lippincott and Andreas Bluhm, Fierce friends: artists and animals, 1750-1900 (London: Merrell, 2005), 64.
Second and subsequent entries:
3. Stubbs, Tiger skeleton, Lateral View.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Artist (surname, given name). Title of image. Year. In Author name/s. Title of Book, page number(s). Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Stubbs, George. Tiger Skeleton, Lateral View. ca. 1795-1806. In Lippincott, Louise and Andreas Blume. Fierce friends: artists and animals, 1750-1900, 64. London: Merrell, 2005.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.235
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- If date is approximate, use ca.
- For works consulted online, include a URL or DOI as the last element in the citation.
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Online image/artwork from a database
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
1. Artist, Title of Image, year, medium, dimensions of work, Repository / Gallery / Museum, City, DOI/URL/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
7. Agnes Martin, The Lute, 1964, Drawing, 27.9 x 27.7 cm, The National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., www.artstor.org.
Second and subsequent entries:
11. Martin, The Lute.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Artist's name (Surname, Given name). Title of Image. Year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository / Gallery / Museum, City. DOI/URL/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
Martin, Agnes. The Lute. 1964. Drawing, 27.9 x 27.7 cm. The National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. www.artstor.org.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.235
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You should include as much information about the medium and dimensions as you can find. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- If date is approximate, use ca.
- For artworks consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- Citation of images from databases generally don't require an access date. Consult with your lecturer for specific requirements (Manual 14.12).
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Online image/artwork
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
1. Artist, Title of Image, year, medium, dimensions of work, Repository/ Gallery/ Museum, City, URL.
Footnote example
First entry:
7. Lin Onus (Yorta Yorta), Fish, 1991, synthetic polymer paint on canvas, 182.5 x 182.5 cm, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/70559/.
Second and subsequent entries:
11. Onus, Fish.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Artist (Surname, Given name). Title of image. Year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository / Gallery / Museum, City. URL.
Bibliography entry example
Onus, Lin (Yorta Yorta). Fish. 1991. Synthetic polymer paint on canvas, 182.5 x 182.5 cm. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/70559/.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.235
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You should include as much information about the medium and dimensions as you can find. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- If date is approximate, use ca.
- For artworks consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- Citation of images found online generally don't require an access date. Consult with your lecturer for specific requirements (Manual 14.12).
- Citation of images from websites generally only appear in the notes/footnotes. Consult with your lecturer for specific requirements.
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Artwork (viewed in a gallery or collection)
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
21. Artist, Title, year of artwork, medium, dimensions of work, Institute/ Gallery/ Museum, City.
Footnote example
First entry:
21. Gail Hastings, To make a work of timeless art, 1996, synthetic polymer on wood, watercolour on paper, dimensions variable, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney.
Second and subsequent entries:
25. Hastings, To make a work of timeless art.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Artist (Surname, Given name). Title. Year of artwork. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository/Gallery/Museum, City.
Bibliography entry example
Hastings, Gail. To make a work of timeless art. 1996. Synthetic polymer on wood, watercolour on paper, dimensions variable. Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.235
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You should include as much information about the medium and dimensions as you can find. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- Bibliography examples are based on Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- If date is approximate, use ca.
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Image/ artwork from a journal
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
1. Artist, Title of image, Year, in Title of Journal, Vol, Issue (Year): page/s.
Footnote example
First entry:
1. Rachel Harrison, Huffy Howler, 2004, in Artforum 58, no. 5 (2020): 182.
Second and subsequent entries:
3. Harrison, Huffy Howler.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Artist (Surname, Given name). Title of image. Year. In Title of Journal, volume number, issue number (year): page/s.
Bibliography entry example
Harrison, Rachel. Huffy Howler. 2004. In Artforum 58, no. 5 (2020): 182.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- You may include information about the medium, dimensions and so forth. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
- If the date of the artwork is approximate, use ca.
- For artworks consulted in online journals, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
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Your own artwork
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
1. Artist, Title, year, medium, dimensions of work, Institute/ Gallery/ Museum, City.
Footnote example
First entry:
17. Hannah Gartside, Ascension I (Angels), 2019, found nighties, millinery wire, thread, steel, paint, 2.5 x 3 x 3m, The Stables, Victorian College of the Arts, Melbourne.
22. Kate Just, How I Will Change, 2018, installation of neon texts, wall paint, dimensions variable, Project Space, RMIT, Melbourne.
Second and subsequent entries:
25. Gartside, Ascension I (Angels).
32. Just, How I Will Change.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Artist (Surname, Given name). Title. Year. Medium, dimensions of work. Repository/ Gallery/ Museum, City.
Bibliography entry example
Gartside, Hannah. Ascension 1 (Angels). 2019. Found nighties, millinery wire, thread, steel, paint, 2.5 x 3 x 3m. The Stables, Victorian College of the Arts, Melbourne.
Just, Kate. How I Will Change. 2018. Installation of neon texts, wall paint, dimensions variable. Project Space, RMIT, Melbourne.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.235 and Turabian 17.10.1.1.
- Titles of artworks are italicised and in headline style. See Manual 3:22
- Medium, dimensions and so forth should be included as appropriate. See Manual 3.22 and 3.27
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Architectural drawings/ plans
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
5. Author, Title of Drawing, Drawing/ Plan number and revision number/ letter if provided, (Year, Month Date), URL.
Footnote example
First entry:
6. NADAAA and John Wardle Architects, University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning Locality Plan, Drawing no.AR0100 rev.A, (2014, January 10), http://archive.abp.unimelb.edu.au/objects/pdfs/Post-construction/Drawings/Architectural%20drawings%20-%20as-built/AR-0100-A.pdf.
Second and subsequent entries:
3. NADAA and John Wardle Architects, Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning Locality Plan.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author (surname, given name). Title of Drawing. Drawing/Plan number and revision/ letter number if provided. (Year, Month Day). URL.
Bibliography entry example
NADAAA and John Wardle Architects. University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning Locality Plan. Drawing no.AR0100 rev.A. (2014, January 10). http://archive.abp.unimelb.edu.au/objects/pdfs/Post-construction/Drawings/Architectural%20drawings%20-%20as-built/AR-0100-A.pdf.
Style notes for this reference type
- You must include the revision number or letter (if there is one) and the drawing number. This can be a number or letter after the drawing number (ie. Drawing no.A101 rev. a) or part of the drawing number (ie. Drawing no.A101a)
- See Manual 14.235
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
Footnotes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |