Four or more authors
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
Format for in-text citation
In-text citation example
In a major study (Miller et al. 2000)…
OR
In a major study (Miller et al. 2000, 35-36)...
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 Surname, First name, Author 2 First name Surname, Author 3 First name Surname, [and] Author 4 First name Surname. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference list example
Miller, Peter, Marion Smith, Julie Roberts, Keith Howard, and Lisa Curtis. 2000. Mobile Phone Use in Teenagers. Melbourne: Collins.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- In-text citations with four or more authors list the first author's surname followed by et al. e.g. (Sutherland et al. 2017).
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
- Where there are four to ten authors, list them all in the reference list.
- Where there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. (see Manual 14.76).
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citations and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks .