Online video


You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)


Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

With author

31. Author name, "Title of Video," additional publication information, date posted, description of item, duration, URL.

Without author

27. "Title of video," additional publication information, date posted, description of item, duration, URL.

Footnote examples

With author - First entry:

31. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, "The Danger of a Single Story," filmed at TEDGlobal 2009, July 2009, TED video, 18:43, https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.

Second and subsequent entries:

45. Adichie, "The Danger of a Single Story."

Without author - First entry:

27. "Ai Weiwei - Sunflower Seeds," Tate, October 14, 2010, video, 14:41, https://youtu.be/PueYywpkJW8.

Second and subsequent entries:

44. "Ai Weiwei - Sunflower Seeds."

Format for bibliography

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

With author

Author name (Surname, First name). "Title of Video." Additional publication information, date posted. Description of item, duration. URL.

Without author

"Title of video." Additional publication information, date posted. Description of item, duration. URL.

Bibliography entry examples

With author

Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. "The Danger of a Single Story." Filmed at TEDGlobal 2009, July 2009. TED video, 18:43. https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.

Without author

"Ai Weiwei - Sunflower Seeds." Tate, October 14, 2010. Video, 14:41. https://youtu.be/PueYywpkJW8.

Style notes for this reference type

  • See Manual 14.267 and Turabian 17.8.3.5.
  • Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date.
  • Where actual names are used, invert the names of the first named person only in bibliography.
  • Different sources will provide more or less information about the item. Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included, for example the name of a YouTube channel or where and when it was recorded.
  • If the material is a recording of a performance, or is a digitised version of pre-existing material, you should also include information about the original source. The order of these entries may depend on the information available.
  • Episodes and indexed scenes are treated like chapters.
  • Use a permanent URL wherever available.

Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.


Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.


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