Books and Book Chapters
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Book with one author
Entry in reference list
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.
Castells, Manuel. 2000. End of Millennium. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
For example - in text citation
Pollan (2006) has argued that…
OR
In a major study (Pollan 2006), it was found that…
OR
In his analysis, Pollan (2006, 20-23) discusses the...
Style notes
- See Manual 15.9
- Invert the author's name in the reference list.
- Include the surname only in in-text citations.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Two authors
Entry in reference list
Author Surname, First name [and] Author First name Surname. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Mock, Douglas W., and Geoffrey A. Parker. 1997. The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
For example - in text citation
In their findings (Mock and Parker 1997)…
OR
Mock and Parker (1997) refute the argument…
OR
Mock and Parker (1997, 42) refute the argument…
Style notes
- See Manual 15.9
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Include the surname only in in-text citations.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Three authors
Entry in reference list
Author 1 Surname, First name, Author 2 First name Surname, [and] Author 3 First name Surname. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Darian-Smith, Kate, Kay Schaffer, and Roslyn Poignant. 1993. Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives. London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London.
For example - in text citation
In a major study (Darian-Smith, Schaffer and Poignant 1993)…
OR
Darian-Smith, Schaffer and Poignant (1993) argued…
OR
Darian-Smith, Schaffer and Poignant (1993, 188-89) have found…
Style notes
- See Manual 15.9
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Include the surname only in in-text citations.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Four or more authors
Entry in reference list
Author 1 Surname, First name, Author 2 First name Surname, Author 3 First name Surname, [and] Author 4 First name Surname. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Miller, Peter, Marion Smith, Julie Roberts, Keith Howard, and Lisa Curtis. 2000. Mobile Phone Use in Teenagers. Melbourne: Collins.
For example - in text citation
In a major study (Miller et al. 2000)…
OR
In a major study (Miller et al. 2000, 35-36)...
Style notes
- See Manual 15.9
- In-text citations with four or more authors list the first author's surname followed by et al. e.g. (Sutherland et al. 2017).
- Where there are four to ten authors, list them all in the reference list.
- Where there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. (see Manual 14.76).
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Include the surnames only in in-text citations.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Edited book
Entry in reference list
Surname, First name, ed(s). Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities. New York: Oxford University Press.
For example - in text citation
Sarat and Scheingold (1998) suggest that…
OR
…this theory was disproved (Sarat and Scheingold 1998).
OR
Sarat and Scheingold (1998, 220) posit that…
Style notes
- Use the abbreviation ed. after the editor's name in the reference list. For more than one editor, use eds.
- Do not use ed. in in-text citations.
See Manual 15.9
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Book chapter
Entry in reference list
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. "Title of Chapter." In Title, edited by First name, Surname, page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Gould, Glenn. 1984. "Streisand as Schwarzkopf." In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308-11. New York: Vintage.
For example - in text citation
…has been argued (Gould 1984)...
OR
Gould (1984) argues that…
OR
Gould (1984, 308) states that…
Style notes
- See Manual 15.9
- The title of the chapter is given in quotation marks, and the title of the book in italics.
- Give the inclusive page range of the chapter in the reference list.
- Invert the name of the author, but not the editor.
- Include the author's surname only in in-text citations.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Corporate author/ Organisation as author
Entry in reference list
Corporate Author. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Amnesty International. 1986. Bangladesh: Unlawful Killings and Torture in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. London: Amnesty International.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1995. Specification for Abbreviation of Title Words and Titles of Publications. London: BSI.
For example - in text citation
In a recent study, Amnesty International (1986, 29) found…
OR
…was found (Amnesty International 1986, 29).
OR
…in work situations (BSI 1995).
OR
The BSI publication (1995, 8) specified the following…
Style notes
- See Manual 15.37
- If there is no personal author listed, use the name of the organisation as the author for works published by groups, associations, corporations etc.
- For in-text citations, it is acceptable to use an abbreviation of the organisation's name (e.g. ISO). Reference list entries should then be listed under the abbreviated title, with the full title given in brackets e.g. ISO (International Organization for Standardisation).
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Thesis
Entry in reference list
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title.” Thesis type, Place of publication.
For a thesis available through a database service, such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database, include the access date and the name of the database in the reference:
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title.” Thesis type, Place of publication. [Accessed] date of access. Title of database.
For a thesis available on the web:
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title.” Thesis type, Place of publication. [Accessed] date of access. URL.
For example - reference list
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals During the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals During the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. Accessed November 20, 2016. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
For example - in text citation
Choi (2008) has shown…
OR
…was found (Choi 2008).
OR
Choi (2008, 26) proposed…
Style notes
- In the reference list, give the title in quotation marks.
- Include the type of thesis and the institution after the author, date and title.
- If you used an online version, include a URL/database name.
- Invert the author's name in the reference list.
- Use diss. to abbreviate dissertation.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
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Secondary source in a book
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), as writers are expected to consult the resources they cite. This is to ensure the accuracy of the quotation or statement and also maintain its original intent. The examples here are provided for circumstances where the original source is unavailable to consult. Check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt.
The format of your reference list entry may depend on how you have integrated the secondary citation into the text. See separate examples below.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (15.56) or Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - eighth edition (19.9.3).
Entry in reference list
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. "Title of chapter/article." Title of Book/Journal. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s). Quoted in Author. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Krauss, Rosalind. 1999. A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition. London: Thames & Hudson. Quoted in Sven Lutticken. 2015. "Media Memories//2005." In Moving Image. Edited by Omar Kholeif, 46-49. London: Whitechapel Gallery.
For example - in text citation
Krauss (1999, 22) stated that...
OR
Entry in reference list
Secondary Author Surname, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Lutticken, Sven. 2015. "Media Memories//2005." In Moving Image. Edited by Omar Kholeif, 46-49. London: Whitechapel Gallery.
For example - in text citation
In Krauss's Voyage on the North Sea (quoted in Lutticken 2015)…
Style notes
- See Manual 15.56 and Turabian 19.9.3.
- The use of secondary citations is not recommended. You should seek out the original source wherever possible.
- Where the original source cannot be consulted, you must list both the original and the secondary source in your citation.
- The format of your reference list entry may depend on how you integrate the secondary citation into the text. Consult with your lecturer if you are unsure.
- The format of the citations may differ depending on the type of documents you are consulting.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
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Musical score
Musical scores are not specifically discussed in the manual in relation to author-date citations, however it does mention that they should generally be treated as books. Our librarians suggest the following, however we advise that you check with your subject guideline or tutor for recommended format.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.255) or Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - eighth edition (19.10.4.3).
Entry in reference list
Composer Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title of Work. Place of publication: Publisher.
For example - reference list
Stravinsky, Igor. 1975. Rite of Spring. London: Hansen House.
If the score is part of a collection or anthology:
Schwartz, Stephen. 2011. "All For the Best". In Godspell: Vocal Selections. Rev. ed. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard.
For example - in text citation
... appears in Rite of Spring (Stravinsky, 22)...
OR
Schwartz (2011) referenced this theme...
Style notes
- See Manual 14.255 and Turabian 19.10.4.3.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. Additional information such as an editor's name or additional writers may be included where relevant (see Manual 14.104).
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first composer only.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers to the author-date system.
There are two key components:
- In-text references.
- A reference list that corresponds to the in-text references.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (online) or you can borrow a copy from the library.
Before writing your list of references, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.
In-text references
In-text citations are given in brackets, and include the author’s surname and the publication date. There is no punctuation between these elements. A page number or other location information may be added after these elements, separated by a comma.
Reference list
In a reference list entry the elements are separated by full stops.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the reference list, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four to ten authors, the in-text reference should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The reference list entry should include the names of all the authors. See 14.76 and 15.9.
If there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by 'et al.' See 14.76.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the reference list.
These should appear only in the in-text references.
Secondary citations ("quoted in" or "cited in")
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in” or “cited in”), as you are expected to have read the sources you use. If an original source is unavailable, both sources must be identified in-text, but only the secondary source is listed in the Reference List.
In-text
Mention the original author and date in your text, but cite the secondary source in brackets, using “quoted in” or cited in”. For example:
In Sutherland’s article “The Existential Albatross” from the February 2014 issue of Ornithological Metaphor, (cited in Costello 1981)…
Reference List
In your reference list, cite the secondary source. For example:
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
If unsure please ask your lecturer or tutor for further advice.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (15.56).
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. or ch. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |
Specific Reference Types
Books
Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
In the reference list, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).
No page numbers are given for books.
Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.).
Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
Journals
Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
In the reference list, give the start and end pages of the article.
Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
In-text, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
For online articles that have not been assigned a DOI include a URL. Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
Newspapers
If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial. Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.
Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).
Page numbers are usually omitted.
Details of the edition can be added to a reference list entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.
If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given. To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.
Electronic sources
A web page is any one of the “pages,” or subdocuments, that make up a website.
A blog is a category of website that includes dated entries and dated comments.
Blog titles should be italicised; titles of blog entries (analogous to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.
Include the title of the web page, the title of the website (or a description), the author of the content and/or the owner (sponsor) of the site, and a URL.
Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date. Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively.
If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, not in the reference list.
Audio-visual
Episodes and indexed scenes are treated like chapters. Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the reference list (see 14.263).
Further Information
For more information and examples not covered here, refer to Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. chapter 15.