Books and Book Chapters, Theses, Online Encyclopaedia and Dictionary Entries
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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Book with one author
Example - in text citation
Pollan (2006) has argued that…
OR
In a major study (Pollan 2006), it was found that…
OR
In his analysis, Pollan (2006, 20-23) discusses the...
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
If not first edition:
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference list example/s
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.
Castells, Manuel. 2000. End of Millennium. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- Include the surname only in in-text citations.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
- Invert the author's name in the reference list.
- In the reference list, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore 'the', 'a', and 'an').
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.).
- Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- No page numbers are given for books.
- Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citations and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
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Two or three authors
Example - in text citation
In a major study (Darian-Smith, Schaffer and Poignant 1993)…
OR
Mock and Parker (1997) refute the argument…
OR
Mock and Parker (1997, 42) refute the argument…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name [and] Author First name Surname. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Darian-Smith, Kate, Kay Schaffer, and Roslyn Poignant. 1993. Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives. London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London.
Mock, Douglas W., and Geoffrey A. Parker. 1997. The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Style notes for this reference style
- See Manual 15.9
- Include the surname only in in-text citations.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citations and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
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Four or more authors
Example - in text citation
In a major study (Miller et al. 2000)…
OR
In a major study (Miller et al. 2000, 35-36)...
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 Surname, First name, Author 2 First name Surname, Author 3 First name Surname, [and] Author 4 First name Surname. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Miller, Peter, Marion Smith, Julie Roberts, Keith Howard, and Lisa Curtis. 2000. Mobile Phone Use in Teenagers. Melbourne: Collins.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- In-text citations with four or more authors list the first author's surname followed by et al. e.g. (Sutherland et al. 2017).
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number/s.
- Where there are four to ten authors, list them all in the reference list.
- Where there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. (see Manual 14.76).
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citations and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
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Online Book
Example - in text citation
In a major study (Hunter 2015)…
OR
Bryzgel (2017) argued…
OR (if paginated)
Hunter (2015, 8) describes…
OR (if not paginated)
Bryzgel (2017, chap.5) outlines the impact...
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher. URL/DOI/Format/Device/Database name.
Example - reference list
Hunter, Victoria, ed. 2015. Moving Sites : Investigating Site-Specific Dance Performance. London: Taylor & Francis Group. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/unimelb/detail.action?docID=2005377.
Bryzgel, Amy. 2017. Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960. Manchester: Manchester University Press. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7qtg.
Style notes for this reference type
- Include the surname only in in-text citations.
- In-text citations with four or more authors list the first author's surname following by et al., e.g. (Sutherland et al. 2017).
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Where there are four to ten authors, list them all in the reference list.
- Where there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. (see Manual 14.76).
- In the reference list, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore 'the', 'a', and 'an').
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citations and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Sometimes a suitable URL is not available, or is only for subscribers of the database. In these cases it is appropriate to just include the database name (i.e. eBook Collection) (Manual 14.161).
- For books requiring a specific device or application to read, you may include that detail in place of a URL or DOI (i.e. Kindle. iBooks. Adobe Digital Editions EPUB) (Manual 14.159).
- Refer to section and/or chapter headings in lieu of page numbers (Manual 14.160).
- Cite chapters in edited books as you would a print version.
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Edited book
Example - in text citation
Derrida (2008) suggests that…
OR
…this theory was disproved (Sarat and Scheingold 1998).
OR
Derrida (2008, 220) posits that…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Editor in place of an author:
Surname, First name, ed(s). Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Edited collection of works:
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title. Edited by Editor name. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities. New York: Oxford University Press.
OR
Derrida, Jacques. 2008. The Animal That I Therefore Am. Edited by Marie-Louise Mallet. Translated by David Wills. New York: Fordham University Press.
Style notes for this reference type
- For other examples see Manual 15.9 (for edited collections) and 15.36 (for editor in place of author).
- Use the surname only in in-text citations. Do not use ed. in in-text citations.
- In in-text citations with four or more authors list the first author's surname following by et al., e.g. (Sutherland et al. 2017).
- For in-text citations, when citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number/s. Refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers for online books.
- Invert the author and/or editor's name in the reference list.
- Do not abbreviate 'edited by' or 'translated by' in the reference list for edited collections.
- Where both an editor and translator is listed, their names should appear in the same order as the original source.
- Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- If the book has an editor in place of an author, the work is listed in the name of the editor. Use the abbreviation ed. after the editor's name in the reference list. For more than one editor, use eds.
- Specify the edition after the title if it is not the first edition.
- No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citations.
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Book chapter
Example - in text citation
…has been argued (Gould 1984)...
OR
Gould (1984) argues that…
OR
Gould (1984, 308) states that…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. "Title of Chapter." In Title, edited by First name, Surname, page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Gould, Glenn. 1984. "Streisand as Schwarzkopf." In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308-11. New York: Vintage.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- Include the author's surname only in in-text citations.
- For in-text citations, when citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number/s. Refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers for chapters from online books.
- For the reference list, invert the name of the author, but not the editor.
- In the reference list, the title of the chapter is given in quotation marks, and the title of the book in italics.
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.).
- Give the inclusive page range of the chapter in the reference list.
- For chapters from online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation.
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Corporate author/ Organisation as author
Example - in text citation
In a recent study, Amnesty International (1986, 29) found…
OR
…was found (Amnesty International 1986, 29).
OR
…in work situations (BSI 1995).
OR
The BSI publication (1995, 8) specified the following…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Corporate Author. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Amnesty International. 1986. Bangladesh: Unlawful Killings and Torture in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. London: Amnesty International.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1995. Specification for Abbreviation of Title Words and Titles of Publications. London: BSI.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.37
- For in-text citations, it is acceptable to use an abbreviation of the organisation's name (e.g. ISO). Reference list entries should then be listed under the abbreviated title, with the full title given in brackets e.g. ISO (International Organization for Standardisation).
- For in-text citations, when citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number's. Refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers for online books without page numbers.
- For the reference list, use the name of organisation as the author for works published by groups, associations, corporations, etc.
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Thesis
Example - in text citation
Choi (2008) has shown…
OR
…was found (Choi 2008).
OR
Choi (2008, 26) proposed…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Print thesis:
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title.” Thesis type, Academic Institution.
Thesis sourced online:
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title.” Thesis type, Academic Institution. URL/DOI/Name of database.
Example - reference list
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals During the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals During the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Style notes for this reference type
- For other examples see Manual 14.215 and Turabian 19.7.1.
- For in-text citations, when citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number's.
- Invert the author's name in the reference list.
- In the reference list, give the title in quotation marks.
- Include the type of thesis and the institution after the author, date and title. Use diss. to abbreviate dissertation.
- If you used an online version, include a URL, DOI or database name.
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Secondary source in a book
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), as writers are expected to consult the resources they cite. This is to ensure the accuracy of the quotation or statement and also maintain its original intent. The examples here are provided for circumstances where the original source is unavailable to consult. Check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt.
The format of your reference list entry may depend on how you have integrated the secondary citation into the text. See separate examples below.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (15.56) or Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - eighth edition (19.9.3).
Example - in text citation
Krauss (1999, 22) stated that...
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. "Title of chapter/article." Title of Book/Journal. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s). Quoted in Author. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Krauss, Rosalind. 1999. A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition. London: Thames & Hudson. Quoted in Sven Lutticken. 2015. "Media Memories//2005." In Moving Image. Edited by Omar Kholeif, 46-49. London: Whitechapel Gallery.
OR
Example - in text citation
In Krauss's Voyage on the North Sea (quoted in Lutticken 2015)…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Secondary Author Surname, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Lutticken, Sven. 2015. "Media Memories//2005." In Moving Image. Edited by Omar Kholeif, 46-49. London: Whitechapel Gallery.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.56 and Turabian 19.9.3.
- The use of secondary citations is not recommended. You should seek out the original source wherever possible.
- Where the original source cannot be consulted, you must list both the original and the secondary source in your citation.
- The format of your reference list entry may depend on how you integrate the secondary citation into the text. Consult with your lecturer if you are unsure.
- The format of the citations may differ depending on the type of documents you are consulting.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
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Musical score
Musical scores are not specifically discussed in the manual in relation to author-date citations, however it does mention that they should generally be treated as books. Our librarians suggest the following, however we advise that you check with your subject guideline or tutor for recommended format.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.255) or Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - eighth edition (19.10.4.3).
Example - in text citation
... appears in Rite of Spring (Stravinsky, 22)...
OR
Schwartz (2011) referenced this theme...
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Composer Surname, First name. Year of publication. Title of Work. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example - reference list
Stravinsky, Igor. 1975. Rite of Spring. London: Hansen House.
If the score is part of a collection or anthology:
Schwartz, Stephen. 2011. "All For the Best". In Godspell: Vocal Selections. Rev. ed. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.255 and Turabian 19.10.4.3.
- When citing a particular passage, include the page number/s in the in-text citation. Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers. Place a comma between the year and page number's.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. Additional information such as an editor's name or additional writers may be included where relevant (see Manual 14.104).
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first composer only.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers to the author-date system.
There are two key components:
- In-text references.
- A reference list that corresponds to the in-text references.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
In-text references
In-text citations are given in brackets, and include the author’s surname and the publication date. There is no punctuation between these elements. A page number or other location information may be added after these elements, separated by a comma.
Reference list
In a reference list entry the elements are separated by full stops.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the reference list, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four to ten authors, the in-text reference should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The reference list entry should include the names of all the authors. See 14.76 and 15.9.
If there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by 'et al.' See 14.76.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year must be differentiated by adding a, b, c, and are listed alphabetically by title. In-text citations include author and year plus letter, e.g. (Krauss 2005a, 21) (Krauss 2005b, 218). See 15.20.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the reference list.
These should appear only in the in-text references.
Secondary citations ("quoted in" or "cited in")
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in” or “cited in”), as you are expected to have read the sources you use. If an original source is unavailable, both sources must be identified in-text, but only the secondary source is listed in the Reference List.
In-text
Mention the original author and date in your text, but cite the secondary source in brackets, using “quoted in” or cited in”. For example:
In Sutherland’s article “The Existential Albatross” from the February 2014 issue of Ornithological Metaphor, (cited in Costello 1981)…
Reference List
In your reference list, cite the secondary source. For example:
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
If unsure please ask your lecturer or tutor for further advice.
For more information refer to the Chicago Manual of Style (15.56).
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. or ch. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |