General style notes
About Vancouver
Vancouver is a numbered referencing style often used in medicine and health sciences. It was developed by the American Medical Association for use in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
There are two elements:
- Citations in the text, indicated by a number.
- A reference list at the end of the document providing full details of the in-text citations, keeping the original numbering.
There are other variations of this style that may be referred to as the Vancouver style.
Style notes
Here are some notes on the Vancouver style to get you started. For more specific instructions check the style notes on each reference type.
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What does Vancouver style look like?
Example:
Salmonella infections are common worldwide with an estimated 150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually.1 The "Can I Eat That?" app2 is a valuable tool for travellers in assessing the safety of consuming local food.
References
1. Plumb I, Fields P, Bruce B. Salmonellosis, Nontyphoidal. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Updated May 1, 2023. Accessed June 23, 2023. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/salmonellosis-nontyphoidal
2. Seed SM, Khov SL, Binguad FS, Abraham GM, Aungst TD. Identification and review of mobile applications for travel medicine practitioners and patients. J Travel Med. 2016;23(4):taw034. doi:10.1093/jtm/taw034 -
In text citations - style notes
- Order
- numbered consecutively in the order they appear in the text
- Type of numbers
- superscript Arabic numerals
Example
Several studies have shown1,2 ...
- superscript Arabic numerals
- Postion of numbers
- After a comma and before colons and semicolons.
Example
Previous research shows,4…
The data were as follows5: - Try to avoid putting numbers at the end of the sentence. If needed put after the full stop.
Example
The design was informed by the need for bodily communication.6
- After a comma and before colons and semicolons.
- More than one source
- Use commas without spaces to separate two sources
Example
The case studies7,8 indicated... - For three or more references in numerical order, use a hyphen to join the first and last numbers.
Example
Meta-analysis of research shows,9–14…
- Use commas without spaces to separate two sources
- Order
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Reference list - style notes
The reference list contains all the citations you have referred to in your text.
They appear in the same numerical order as the citations.
- Order of References
- References are listed in numerical order, and in the same order in which they are cited in the text.
- The reference list appears at the end of your paper, before appendices
- Formatting
- Begin your reference list on a new page with the title 'References'.
- Can be indented or not, your choice.
- Missing Elements
- No year of publication = date unknown
- No publisher = Publisher unknown
- No author = do not replace it with Anonymous. This is only used if the author is specifically credited as Anonymous
- Journal abbreviations
- Use the NLM (National Library of Medicine) Catalog abbreviations, don’t make up your own.
- Author initials
- Provide initials for all of the given names for each author with no spaces or punctuation.
- Order of References
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Full style manual
Using the information on Re:cite should be enough to create citations and references, however if you need further information you can review the full style manual online.
Reference Management tools
Access Vancouver style in Endnote and Zotero and a quick export from PubMed.
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Reference management software
EndNote
The JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) output style can be added to your list of styles.
Tools > Output styles > New style (choose JAMA) and add to your frequently used styles.
Zotero
You can download the style from the repository.
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Export from PubMed
You can output the text of a reference in Vancouver style from PubMed.
This is suitable for placing directly in documents, not for use in reference management software.
Click Cite > Format (choose AMA)
2023 Re:cite Vancouver update
Style updated 30 June, 2023
Vancouver style has been updated based on the AMA Manual of Style, 11th Edition.
The main changes:
- in-text citations use superscript numbers, eg: Several studies have shown1,2
- no need for a URL if DOI present
- [Internet] not needed for web resources
- page numbers are no longer abbreviated
- old = 123-9
- updated = 123-129
- no restrictions on number of author initials (previously limit of 2)
- place of publication no longer required for books