Referencing non-English language and translated sources

  • Non-English sources should be cited in accordance with the relevant rules of AGLC for the source type. See AGLC4 Rule 26 for further guidance.

    A translation of any non-English citation element should follow that element in square brackets, where appropriate.

    Example:

    Footnote:

    Corte costituzionale [Italian Constitutional Court], No 239, 29 December 1982 reported in [1983] I Il Foro Italiano: Raccolta Generale di Giurisprudenza 2, 4–5.

    Änderung der Lebensmittelkennzeichnungsverordnung 1993 [Amendment of the Grocery Labelling Regulation 1993] (Austria) 9 January 2008, BGB1 II, 8/2008.

    Jürgen Schwarze, Der Reformvertrag von Lissabon [The Reform Treaty of Lisbon] (Nomos, 2009) 181.

    ‘Quelques Vices de Procédure’ [Some Procedural Flaws], Le Blog du Droit Européen des Brevets [Blog of European Patent Law] (Blog Post, 13 September 2009) <http://europeanpatentcaselaw.blogspot.com/2009/09/quelques-vices-de-procedure.html>, archived at <http://perma.cc/TL68-HRR9>.

    1. Cite the version of the work you used, if it is a non-English version. The citation should include: the author/s; date; article or chapter title; and journal or book title. You must include an English translation of the title in square brackets, directly after the title and before the full stop. Refer to the examples.
    2. If the work is a chapter in an edited book, you only to translate the chapter title, not the book title as well. The translation does not have to be literal. The purpose is to give the reader a sense of what the work is about.
    3. Note: if the work uses a non-Latin alphabet (e.g, Arabic, Farsi, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin, Russian) an extra step is required. Non-Latin alphabets are not used in the reference list in APA Style, so the title needs to be transliterated (that is, converted to the alphabet you are using to write a paper). This is followed by the English translation, in square brackets. For in text citations, the family or organisation name(s) is used as usual, but must be provided in Latin alphabet. Refer to the examples.

    Pinyin is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese. One site that convert from Chinese characters to Pinyin is the Chinese-Pinyin Converter.

    For example:

    Japanese language examples

    Amano, N., & Kondo, H. (2000). Nihongo no goi tokusei [Lexical characteristics of Japanese language] (Vol. 7). Sansei-do.

    OR

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken [Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved from http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html

    Original Chinese-language reference

    何應欽, 張菀玲, 洪繼開, & 楊喬凱. (2020). 高績效理財專員之個人商業模式與 職能基礎的探討－以ks 銀行為研究對象. Commerce & Management Quarterly, 21(2), 111–145.

    Chinese-language reference after transliteration

    He, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yang, Q. (2020). Gāo jì xiào lǐ cái zhuān yuán zhī gè rén shāng yè mó shì yǔ zhí néng jī chǔ de tàn tǎo yǐ yín háng wèi yán jiū duì xiàng [Discussion on the personal business model and functional basis of high-performing financial professionals - KS bank as the research object]. Commerce & Management Quarterly, 21(2),111-145.

  • If you are referencing non-English language sources, you need to include the original title, followed by an English translation of the title in square brackets. it is customary to transliterate—that is, convert to the Latin alphabet, or romanise—words or phrases from languages that do not use the Latin alphabet.

    For example:

    Footnote:

    W. Kern, “Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?” [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?], Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78 (1938): 272.

    W. Yu, "Luyeyuan shiku de buju sheji yu zaoxiang zuhe" [The Design and Statues Combination of Mrgadava Caves],  Zhongyuan Wenwu 2 (2011): 68.

    Bibliography

    Kern, W. “Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?” [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?]. Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78 (1938): 271–73.

    Yu, W. "Luyeyuan shiku de buju sheji yu zaoxiang zuhe" [The Design and Statues Combination of Mrgadava Caves].  Zhongyuan Wenwu 2 (2011): 67-72.

  • If you are referencing non-English language sources, you need to include the original title, followed by an English translation of the title in square brackets. it is customary to transliterate—that is, convert to the Latin alphabet, or romanise—words or phrases from languages that do not use the Latin alphabet.

    For example:

    Kern, W. 1938.“Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?” [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?]. Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78: 271–73.

    Yu, W. 2011."Luyeyuan shiku de buju sheji yu zaoxiang zuhe" [The Design and Statues Combination of Mrgadava Caves].  Zhongyuan Wenwu 2: 67-72.

  • A common practice is to give the original title in the reference and give the English translation in brackets.

    If the source was written in a non-Latin script, such as Chinese, Japanese or Korean, transliterate the title into English alphabet.

    Hao, Chunwen 郝春文. Tang houqi wudai Songchu Dunhuang sengni de shehui shenghuo 唐后期五代宋初敦煌僧尼的社会生活 [The social existence of monks and nuns in Dunhuang during the late Tang, Five Dynasties and early Song]. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1998. Print

    Kondō, Shigekazu 近藤成一.  " Yēru Daigaku Shozō Harima no Kuni Ōbe no Shō Kankei Monjo ni tsuite" イェール大学所蔵播磨国大部庄関係文書について [On Harima no Kuni Ōbe no Shō Kankei Monjo at Yale University Collection]. Tōkyō: Tokyō Daigaku Shiryō Hensanjo  Kenkyū  Kiyō 23  (March 2013) : 1-22. Print.

  • The Vancouver style assumes that generally, English is the standard language for science communication. In instances where non-English publications are being used, the following guidelines apply:

    • Romanise the names of authors.
    • Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
    • Romanise or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets. If you only provide a translation, this should be enclosed in square brackets.
    • If possible, romanise and provide a translation of book titles, journal article titles, journal titles, chapter titles, etc.
    • If you provide a translation after romanisation, enclose the translation in square brackets after the romanised title.
    • When including city of publication, use the English form of the name if possible, if not possible then romanise it.
    • Romanise the name of the publisher. If possible, include a translation and enclose in square brackets after the romanised publisher, unless the translation is given in the book.
    • State the original language at the end of the reference, followed by a full stop.
    • Romanise the name of all government agencies. If possible, follow a non-English name with a translation and enclose in square brackets.

    For example:

    Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho.

    or

    Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Japanese.

    For more information, see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/?term=non-english