Sound recording: Downloaded audio file


You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used. (eg. Number of authors and source descriptions)


Format for in-text citation

In-text citation example

Glass (2018) employs the technique....

… when used in this way (Glass 2018).


Format for reference list

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

Composer/Performer. Year. Title of Recording. Label & Publisher number, format. Source of file/URL.

Reference list example

Glass, Philip. 2018. The Hours/Distant Figure. Anton Batagov (piano). Orange Mountain Music, MP3 audio. iTunes.


Style notes for this reference type

  • See Manual 15.57 and Turabian 19.10.3.4.
  • Italicise the official title of the album, but individual track titles should be included in quotation marks (Manual 8.197).
  • If the performer or conductor (or similar) is more relevant than the composer, they may be listed first.
  • Include any information about the work that is relevant, including performers, conductors, performance dates, medium and publisher details.
  • Include the name of the download service as part of the citation. If a separate URL can be determined from the source, include that at the end.
  • For the date, include the date of the recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording. If a date cannot be found consult a library catalogue or other resource; citations without a date are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no date).
  • Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago Manual, chapter 14.263 and 14.63).
  • For digital reissues, include the date of the original recording and the reissue date as well. See Manual 15.57.

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