Webpages and Social Media
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Web pages with author
Entry in reference list
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication or revision. "Title/description of the page." Title/description of Website. Date (of publication, modification or access). URL.
For example - reference list
O’Hehir, Anne. 2018. “The Woman Behind the Lens: Diane Arbus.” Melbourne Theatre Company. September 4, 2018. https://www.mtc.com.au/discover-more/backstage/the-woman-behind-the-lens-diane-arbus/.
OR
Alliance for Linguistic Diversity. n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6. 2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.
For example - in text citation
... an important role in the history of photographic practice (O’Hehir 2018).
OR
O’Hehir (2018) outlines the important role played …
OR
… as outlined by the Alliance for Linguistic Diversity (n.d.).
Style notes
- See Manual 15.50 and Turabian 19.5.1.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the author.
- Titles of specific pages should be in quotation marks.
- Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date and use n.d. in place of a year of publication in both in-text citations and the reference list (see Manual 15.50 for examples).
- Repeat the year of publication or modification with the month and day to avoid confusion.
- Frequently updated resources (such as wikis) can include a time stamp if one is provided by the resource.
- Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' or 'accessed' respectively.
- If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
- Where there is no author, list the site under the title of the website, or the sponsor/owner.
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Web pages with no author
Entry in reference list
Title/ owner of website. Year of publication or revision. "Title/description of the page." Title/description of the Website. Date (of publication, modification or access). URL.
OR
“Title/description of the page.” Year of publication or revision. Title/description of the Website. Date (of publication, modification or access). URL.
For example - reference list
Columbia University. n.d. "History." Columbia University. Accessed April 16, 2018. https://www.columbia.edu/content/history.
OR
“Feminisms: Plural and Evolving.” 2018. Australian Centre for Contemporary Art. January 2018. http://content.acca.melbourne/uploads/2018/02/Feminisms-3.pdf.
For example - in text citation
... centrepiece of the campus (Columbia University n.d.) is…
OR
…represented by ideas which have been evolving (“Feminisms: Plural and Evolving” 2018).
Style notes
- See Manual 15.50, 15.34 and Turabian 19.5.1.
- Where there is no author, list the source under the owner of the site or its title.
- In-text citations and reference list entries should correlate so that references can be easily found. For instance, resources listed under the title should have a corresponding in-text citation including the title (see Manual 15.21).
- Titles of specific pages should be in quotation marks.
- Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date and use n.d. in place of a year of publication in both in-text citations and the reference list (see Manual 15.50 for examples).
- Repeat the year of publication or modification with the month and day to avoid confusion.
- Frequently updated resources (such as wikis) can include a time stamp if one is provided by the resource.
- Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' or 'accessed' respectively.
- If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
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Blog posts and comments
Entry in reference list
Citations of blog posts may be included as in-text citations and omitted from the reference list, however they should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
Author of entry. Year. "Title of post." Title of blog (blog). Month, day and year of post. URL.
For example - reference list
Throwcase. 2017. "Hard Part Easier After Practice, Says Man." Throwcase (blog), January 23, 2017. http://www.throwcase.com/2017/01/23/hard-part-easier-practice-says-man/.
OR
O'Donnell, Jonathan. 2016. "Changing Disciplines." The Research Whisperer, December 6. Accessed February 6, 2017. https://theresearchwhisperer.wordpress.com/2016/12/06/changing-disciplines-2/.
For example - in text citation
...in which the surprising benefits of practice are recounted (Throwcase 2017).
OR
O'Donnell discusses the implications of changing research discipline (2016) ...
Comment on a blog post
(@neverpractice, February 7, 2017 [3:08 a.m.], comment on Throwcase 2017)
OR
...@neverpractice (February 7, 2017 3:08 a.m.) commented on the post (Throwcase 2017) that practice is over-rated.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.208, 15.51 and Turabian 19.5.2.
- Include author's names as they appear, including pseudonyms.
- The title of a blog should be italicised; titles of blog entries (similar to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.
- If the blog title doesn't make it clear that the source is a blog, add the word "blog" in brackets after the title.
- A blog that is part of a larger publication (i.e Times) should also include the name of that publication in italics after the blog title (Manual 14.208).
- Cite comments on posts in parentheses only. Use the commenter's name as it is listed and include the date and time of the comment. Some of this information may be weaved into the text. See Manual 15.51 and Turabian 19.5.2.
- Citations of website content are often only included in the text, however if they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited, they may be included in your bibliography. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
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Social media post
Entry in reference list
References to social media posts are generally only included in the text. No reference list entry is required unless they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
See Turabian 19.5.3 for further information.
Author of post (handle where available). Year. “Text of Post.” Location/description of post, date of post. URL.
For example - reference list
University of Melbourne Library (@unilibrary). 2018. “Onthisday in 1975 90% of Icelandic women went on strike, refusing to work in protest of gender inequality. This became known as 'Women's Day Off'.” Twitter, October 23, 2018. https://twitter.com/unilibrary/status/1054855102111064065.
For example - in text citation
The University Library noted that ... (Unimelb Library, Twitter post, October 23, 2018, [3:48 p.m.], accessed November 5, 2016, https://twitter.com/unilibrary/status/794400949674512384).
OR
In a message posted to Twitter on November 4, 2016 (at 3:48 p.m.), the University of Melbourne Library (@unilibrary) noted that ...
Style notes
- See Manual 15.52 and Turabian 19.5.3.
- These examples are for publicly available content. Private and direct messages should be treated as a form of personal communication (see Manual 15.53) .
- The text of post should include up to 160 characters, including spaces.
- The location or description of the post could include the social media service and a description if relevant (i.e. Instagram photo).
- Repeat the year of the post with the month and day to avoid confusion. Timestamps are not necessary but can be included to differentiate posts from the same day.
- A URL for a specific item can often be found via the date stamp. Where a specific URL is not available, include a link to the whole profile or account (eg. http://www.facebook.com/unilibrary).
- Comments on posts should be cited in relation to the respective post (see examples at Manual 15.52).
- References to social media posts are generally only included in the text. No reference list entry is required unless they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
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Review published online
Entry in reference list
Website
Author of review (Surname, First name). Year of publication. "Title of Review," review of Title of work, other creative or sponsor details. Title/description of Website. Month, date and year (of publication, modification or access). URL.
Blog
Author of review (Surname, First name). Year of publication. "Title of Review," review of Title of work, other creative or sponsor details. Title of Blog (blog). Month, date and year. URL.
For example - reference list
Knezic, Sophie. 2019. “Atlanta Eke: The Tennis Piece,” review of The Tennis Piece, installation by Atlanta Eke, Gertrude Contemporary. Memo Review, March 16, 2019. https://memoreview.net/blog/atlanta-eke-at-gertrude-contemporary-by-sophie-knezic.
OR
Storer, Bradley. 2019. Review of Ragtime, The Production Company, Arts Centre Melbourne. TheatrePress (blog). November 4, 2019. https://theatrepress.com.au/2019/11/04/review-ragtime/.
For example - in text citation
... an important piece of work (Knezic 2019).
OR
Storer (2019) outlines the important role played …
Style notes
- See Manual 15.50, 15.51 and 14.203.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the author.
- Titles of specific reviews of webpages should be in quotation marks.
- Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date and use n.d. in place of a year of publication in both in-text citations and the reference list (see Manual 15.50 for examples).
- Repeat the year of publication or modification with the month and day to avoid confusion.
- If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
- Where there is no author, list the site under the title of the website, or the sponsor/owner.
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Interview published online
Entry in reference list
Interview subject (Surname, First name). Year of publication. "Title of Interview," interview by interviewer name. Title of publication/website/program, other publication information (if relevant), date of interview or publication: page numbers (if relevant). DOI/URL/Database name.
For example - reference list
Roach, Archie. 2019. “Dear Brother: The Harrowing Life Journey of Archie Roach,” interview by Daniel Browning. AWAYE!, ABC Radio National, November 16, 2019. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/awaye/dear-brother:-archie-roach-on-the-healing-power-of-music/11707618.
OR
Baumann, Rebecca. 2018. Interview by Katharina Prugger, National Gallery of Victoria, November 22, 2018. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/interview-with-rebecca-baumann/.
For example - in text citation
... an immersive environment (Baumann 2018).
OR
Roach (2019) outlines the important role played …
Style notes
- See Manual 15.50 and 14.213.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the interview subject.
- Interviews published online can usually be treated like an article or other item in a periodical.
- Interviews published online should always include a URL or other identifier (DOI or Database name).
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers to the author-date system.
There are two key components:
- In-text references.
- A reference list that corresponds to the in-text references.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (online) or you can borrow a copy from the library.
Before writing your list of references, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.
In-text references
In-text citations are given in brackets, and include the author’s surname and the publication date. There is no punctuation between these elements. A page number or other location information may be added after these elements, separated by a comma.
Reference list
In a reference list entry the elements are separated by full stops.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the reference list, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four to ten authors, the in-text reference should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The reference list entry should include the names of all the authors. See 14.76 and 15.9.
If there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by 'et al.' See 14.76.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the reference list.
These should appear only in the in-text references.
Secondary citations ("quoted in" or "cited in")
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in” or “cited in”), as you are expected to have read the sources you use. If an original source is unavailable, both sources must be identified in-text, but only the secondary source is listed in the Reference List.
In-text
Mention the original author and date in your text, but cite the secondary source in brackets, using “quoted in” or cited in”. For example:
In Sutherland’s article “The Existential Albatross” from the February 2014 issue of Ornithological Metaphor, (cited in Costello 1981)…
Reference List
In your reference list, cite the secondary source. For example:
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
If unsure please ask your lecturer or tutor for further advice.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (15.56).
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. or ch. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |
Specific Reference Types
Books
Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
In the reference list, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).
No page numbers are given for books.
Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.).
Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
Journals
Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
In the reference list, give the start and end pages of the article.
Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
In-text, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
For online articles that have not been assigned a DOI include a URL. Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
Newspapers
If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial. Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.
Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).
Page numbers are usually omitted.
Details of the edition can be added to a reference list entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.
If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given. To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.
Electronic sources
A web page is any one of the “pages,” or subdocuments, that make up a website.
A blog is a category of website that includes dated entries and dated comments.
Blog titles should be italicised; titles of blog entries (analogous to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.
Include the title of the web page, the title of the website (or a description), the author of the content and/or the owner (sponsor) of the site, and a URL.
Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date. Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively.
If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, not in the reference list.
Audio-visual
Episodes and indexed scenes are treated like chapters. Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the reference list (see 14.263).
Further Information
For more information and examples not covered here, refer to Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. chapter 15.