Newspaper articles
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used. (eg. Number of authors and source descriptions)
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No author
In text citation example
…the significance of these finds has been questioned in the media.(10)
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
10. Title of article. Title of Newspaper (Edition). Year Month Day: Section:page number (Column number).
Reference list example
10. Oldest bacteria fossils? Or are they merely tiny rock flaws? New York Times. 2002 Mar 12: Sect. A:4 (col.4).
Style notes for this referencing type
- The title of the newspaper is not abbreviated although ‘The’ may be dropped.
- If the article is unsigned, begin the reference with the title of the article.
- Note abbreviations:
- Sect. for Section
- col. for column
- If no section letter, number, or name is found, end date information with a colon and the pagination. For example - 1. Brumby calls for tough sentences. Herald Sun. 2008 October 29:5 (col. 2).
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With author
In text citation example
…should be made mandatory.(11)
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
11. Author. Title of article. Title of Newspaper (Edition). Year Month Day:Sect. Section:page number (Column number).
Reference list example
11. Kissane K. Brumby calls for tough sentences. Herald Sun. 2008 Oct 29: Sect. A:5 (col.2).
Style notes for this referencing type
- The title of the newspaper is not abbreviated although ‘The’ may be dropped.
- If the article is unsigned, begin the reference with the title of the article.
- Note abbreviations:
- Sect. for Section
- col. for column
- If no section letter, number, or name is found, end date information with a colon and the pagination. For example - 1. Brumby calls for tough sentences. Herald Sun. 2008 October 29:5 (col. 2).
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
This version of the Vancouver style uses a numeric system of in-text referencing. A consecutive number is assigned to each reference as it is cited in the text. If a source is cited again in the text the reference number remains the same.
References are presented in two ways:
- A reference list (or bibliography) at the end of the work.
- In text citations.
Three major systems of in-text references can be used: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year. This guide refers only to the citation-sequence (numeric) system of in-text referencing. In this system numbers are used in the text to refer to the reference list.
Access to the full style manual
The full style manual is available as a library eBook from the University of Melbourne library. The full style manual is not available as a library print book.Consult the official manual for more information.
In-text citations
- References are numbered in the order they first appear in the text.
- Assigned numbers are re-used each time a particular reference is cited.
- Citation numbers can be superscripts e.g. "…was the most significant.4" or in round brackets e.g. "…was the most significant.(4)".
- When citing multiple references join inclusive numbers using a hyphen e.g. (2-5). If numbers are non-inclusive separate with commas. e.g. (2,4,7,10).
Reference list
- A reference list should include all (directly quoted or paraphrased) sources cited, a bibliography should include all sources consulted, whether or not they are directly quoted or paraphrased.
- Entries are listed numerically (the same order that they are cited in the text).
- Capitalise only the first word of a title (as well as words that would normally begin with a capital letter).
- If no author or editor can be identified, begin the reference with the title.
- Commonly used words in publisher names may be abbreviated. For example: Dept. for Department.
- Place of publication:
- If the publisher is located in more than one city: cite the city that is printed first.
- For cities that are not well known follow with the country name either written out in full or as the ISO country code. For example: Melbourne (Australia) OR Melbourne (AU).
- If no place of publication can be found but can reasonably be inferred, place the city in square brackets. e.g. [Melbourne].
- If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown].
- If no date of publication can be found, use the copyright date preceded with ‘c’ c2010. If no copyright date can be found, use [date unknown].