No author


You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)


Format for footnotes

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

1. Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).


Footnote examples

First entry:

1. The Gardens of the City of Melbourne (Melbourne: City of Melbourne, 1993), 5.

Second and subsequent entries:

21. Gardens of the City of Melbourne, 14.



Format for bibliography entries

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation

Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.


Bibliography entry example

The Gardens of the City of Melbourne. Melbourne: City of Melbourne, 1993.



Style notes for this reference type

  • See Manual 14.100 and 14.79.
  • Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
  • Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
  • In the footnotes, do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers.
  • In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’). See Manual 14.79.
  • In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
  • Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
  • For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.


Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.


View Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Access all referencing FAQs Access further help