Newspaper Articles
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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With author
Example - in text citation
Joyce (2016) reported that…
OR
…should be made mandatory (Joyce 2016).
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. "Title of article." Title of Newspaper, Month, day and year of publication. DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Joyce, Christopher. 2016. “Artificial Intelligence Yields Huge Results from Brexit.” Australian Financial Review, July 15 2016. http://www.afr.com/personal-finance/shares/artificial-intelligence-yields-huge-returns-from-brexit-20160705-gpza32.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.49
- Article titles are included in quotation marks. If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.
- Newspaper titles are italicised.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Omit the initial The for English language newspaper titles.
- If the title does not include the city name, add it to the title in brackets (unless it is a well known publication like Wall Street Journal.)
- In circumstances where news stories are unfolding over time, it may be appropriate to include a time-stamp where one is included with the article. List the time as posted, with the timezone as appropriate (i.e. 3:55 pm EST). See Manual 14.191.
- You may include the specific edition if relevant. e.g. final edition; afternoon edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
- Use a section title instead of article title if appropriate, but do not put in quotation marks. e.g. Editorial. Obituary for John Smith.
- Page numbers are not required for reference lists or in text citations.
- To reference an article consulted online, include the URL. For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI or URL.
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No author
Example - in text citation
…the significance of these finds has been questioned in the media (New York Times 2002).
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Title of newspaper. Year of publication. "Title of article." Month, day and year of publication. DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
New York Times. 2002. “Oldest Bacteria Fossils? Or Are They Merely Tiny Rock Flaws?” March 12, 2002. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/12/science/oldest-bacteria-fossils-or-are-they-merely-tiny-rock-flaws.html.
Style notes for this reference type
- If a newspaper article is unsigned, the title of the newspaper stands in place of the author, see Manual 15.49
- Article titles are included in quotation marks.
- Newspaper titles are italicised.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Omit the initial The for English language newspaper titles.
- If the title does not include the city name, add it to the title in brackets (unless it is a well known publication like Wall Street Journal.)
- If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.
- In circumstances where news stories are unfolding over time, it may be appropriate to include a time-stamp where one is included with the article. List the time as posted, with the timezone as appropriate (i.e. 3:55 pm EST). See Manual 14.191.
- You may include the specific edition if relevant. e.g. final edition; afternoon edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
- Use a section title instead of article title if appropriate, but do not put in quotation marks. e.g. Editorial. Obituary for John Smith.
- Page numbers are not required for reference lists or in text citations.
- To reference an article consulted online, include the URL. For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI or URL.
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Review in a newspaper
Example - in text citation
…as reviewed in The Age (Wilson 2019).
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author of review (Surname, First name). Year of publication. "Title of Review," review of Title, other publication information or sponsor of work. Title of Newspaper, Month, day and year of publication, section or edition (if relevant). DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Wilson, Jake. 2019. "Booksmart: At Last, a Polished Teen Feminist Buddy Movie," review of Booksmart, directed by Olivia Wilde. The Age, July 12, 2019. https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/booksmart-at-last-a-polished-teen-feminist-buddy-movie-20190709-p525k2.html.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.49 and 14.203
- If a newspaper article is unsigned, the title of the newspaper stands in place of the author, see Manual 15.49
- Review titles are included in quotation marks. If there is no specific title for the review, just include 'review of Title'.
- Newspaper titles are italicised.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Omit the initial The for English language newspaper titles.
- If the title does not include the city name, add it to the title in brackets (unless it is a well known publication like Wall Street Journal.)
- You may include the specific edition if relevant. e.g. final edition; afternoon edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
- Page numbers are not required for reference lists or in text citations.
- To reference an article consulted online, include the URL. For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI or URL.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers to the author-date system.
There are two key components:
- In-text references.
- A reference list that corresponds to the in-text references.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
In-text references
In-text citations are given in brackets, and include the author’s surname and the publication date. There is no punctuation between these elements. A page number or other location information may be added after these elements, separated by a comma.
Reference list
In a reference list entry the elements are separated by full stops.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the reference list, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four to ten authors, the in-text reference should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The reference list entry should include the names of all the authors. See 14.76 and 15.9.
If there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by 'et al.' See 14.76.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year must be differentiated by adding a, b, c, and are listed alphabetically by title. In-text citations include author and year plus letter, e.g. (Krauss 2005a, 21) (Krauss 2005b, 218). See 15.20.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the reference list.
These should appear only in the in-text references.
Secondary citations ("quoted in" or "cited in")
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in” or “cited in”), as you are expected to have read the sources you use. If an original source is unavailable, both sources must be identified in-text, but only the secondary source is listed in the Reference List.
In-text
Mention the original author and date in your text, but cite the secondary source in brackets, using “quoted in” or cited in”. For example:
In Sutherland’s article “The Existential Albatross” from the February 2014 issue of Ornithological Metaphor, (cited in Costello 1981)…
Reference List
In your reference list, cite the secondary source. For example:
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
If unsure please ask your lecturer or tutor for further advice.
For more information refer to the Chicago Manual of Style (15.56).
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. or ch. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |