Journal and Magazine Articles
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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Journal article with one author
Example - in text citation
…was summarised (Ryan 2011, 631).
OR
Ryan (2011, 631) summarised…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title of article.” Journal Title vol, no. x: page numbers. DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Ryan, Janette. 2011. "Teaching and Learning for International Students: Towards a Transcultural Approach." Teachers & Teaching 17, no. 6: 631-48. https://doi-org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/10.1080/13540602.2011.625138.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- In-text, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article). Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers.
- Article titles are given in quotation marks. Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Journal titles are italicised.
- Reference list entries include the volume and issue numbers and the publication date. If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
- The page range is included in the reference list.
- Additional information beyond volume and issue (for instance a season or month) may be included in parentheses after the issue number.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175). Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (Manual 14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline), they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
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Two or three authors
Example - in text citation
Liker and Szekely (1997) state that…
OR
…was stated (Liker and Szekely 1997,799)
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 Surname, First name [and] Author 2 First name Surname. Year of publication. “Title of article." Journal Title vol, no. x: page numbers. DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. "Aggression Among Female Lapwings, Vanellus Vanellus." Animal Behaviour 54, no. 4: 797-802. https://doi-org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/10.1006/anbe.1996.0491
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- In-text, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article). Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- Where there are three authors, include all author names in the format Author Surname, First name, Author First name surname, [and] Author First name Surname (for example: Myrberg, Arthur A., Martin Mohler, and John D. Catala).
- Reference list entries include the volume and issue numbers and the publication date. If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
- Additional information beyond volume and issue (for instance a season or month) may be included in parentheses after the issue number.
- Article titles are given in quotation marks. Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Journal titles are italicised.
- The page range is included in the reference list.
- Additional information beyond volume and issue (for instance a season or month) may be included in parentheses after the issue number.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175). Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with not space after) in source citations.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (Manual 14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline), they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
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Four or more authors
Example - in text citation
Montinari et al. (2018) found that…
OR
…environmental considerations (Montinari et al. 2018, 99).
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 Surname, First name, Author 2, Author 3, and Author 4. Year of publication. “Title of Article.” Journal Title vol, no. ?: page numbers. DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Montinari, Maria Rosa, Simona Giardina, Pierluca Minelli, and Sergio Minelli. 2018. "History of Music Therapy and its Contemporary Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases." Southern Medical Journal 111, no. 2: 98-102. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000765.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9
- In-text citations with four or more authors list the first author's surname followed by et al. e.g. (Sutherland et al. 2017).
- In-text, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article). Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers.
- Where there are four to ten authors, list them all in the reference list.
- Where there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. (see Manual 14.76).
- Reference list entries include the volume and issue numbers and the publication date. If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
- Article titles are given in quotation marks. Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Journal titles are italicised.
- The page range is included in the reference list.
- Additional information beyond volume and issue (for instance a season or month) may be included in parentheses after the issue number.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175). Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with not space after) in source citations.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (Manual 14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline), they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
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Magazine article
Example - in text citation
Kirkup (2018) stated that…
OR
...as seen in Whitley's work (Kirkup 2018).
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author Surname, First name. Year of publication. “Title of article.” Magazine Title, Month day and year of publication, page numbers (if available). DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Kirkup, Sarah. 2018. "Kate Whitley: Igniting Dance with Her Music." Gramophone, October 19, 2018. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/kate-whitley-igniting-dance-with-her-music.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.49 and 14.188.
- In-text, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article). Do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers.
- For magazines, the procedure is generally the same as for journals. The volume and issue or other information is replaced by the date. Repeat the year of publication with the month and day to avoid confusion.
- Article titles are given in quotation marks. Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Magazine titles are italicised.
- You may omit the page range in the reference list entry. If page numbers are included, they follow a comma not a colon.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175). Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with not space after) in source citations.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the URL or database name from your citation.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (Manual 14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline), they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
-
Review published in a journal
Example - in text citation
…was summarised (Noriega 2019).
OR
Fox (2018) summarised…
Format for reference list
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author of review (Surname, First name). Year of publication. “Title of Review,” review of Title of Work, other publication information or sponsor of work. Journal Title volume, issue (date): page numbers. DOI/URL/Database name.
Example - reference list
Noriega, Jimmy A. (2019). Review of Latin History for Morons, created and performed by John Leguizamo, directed by Tony Taccone, Studio 54, New York City. Theatre Journal 71, no. 1 (March 2019): 100-102. doi:10.1353/tj.2019.0009.
OR
Fox, Charlie. 2018. Review of Julie Becker, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. Artforum 57, no. 9 (Sept 2018): 283-284.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 15.9 and 14.202
- If there is no listed author, treat it as per an article with no author. Text citations may refer to a short form of the title but must include the first word, other than an initial article (See Manual 15.34, and Manual 15.39).
- Review titles are included in quotation marks. If there is no specific title for the review, just include 'review of Title'.
- Journal titles are italicised.
- In the reference list, invert the name of the first author only.
- In the reference list, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore 'the', 'an', and 'an').
- The page range is included in the reference list, with the specific page/s included in the in-text citations.
- Additional information beyond volume and issue (for instance a season or month) may be included in parentheses after the issue number.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI or URL.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175). Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with not space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (Manual 14.12). If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline), they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a reference list entry.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers to the author-date system.
There are two key components:
- In-text references.
- A reference list that corresponds to the in-text references.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
In-text references
In-text citations are given in brackets, and include the author’s surname and the publication date. There is no punctuation between these elements. A page number or other location information may be added after these elements, separated by a comma.
Reference list
In a reference list entry the elements are separated by full stops.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the reference list, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four to ten authors, the in-text reference should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The reference list entry should include the names of all the authors. See 14.76 and 15.9.
If there are more than ten authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by 'et al.' See 14.76.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year must be differentiated by adding a, b, c, and are listed alphabetically by title. In-text citations include author and year plus letter, e.g. (Krauss 2005a, 21) (Krauss 2005b, 218). See 15.20.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the reference list.
These should appear only in the in-text references.
Secondary citations ("quoted in" or "cited in")
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in” or “cited in”), as you are expected to have read the sources you use. If an original source is unavailable, both sources must be identified in-text, but only the secondary source is listed in the Reference List.
In-text
Mention the original author and date in your text, but cite the secondary source in brackets, using “quoted in” or cited in”. For example:
In Sutherland’s article “The Existential Albatross” from the February 2014 issue of Ornithological Metaphor, (cited in Costello 1981)…
Reference List
In your reference list, cite the secondary source. For example:
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
If unsure please ask your lecturer or tutor for further advice.
For more information refer to the Chicago Manual of Style (15.56).
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. or ch. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |