Newspaper
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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No author
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
14. “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper, Date, URL (if consulted online).
Footnote example
First Entry:
14. "Young People's Creative Work," Horsham Times, January 13, 1950, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/72799062.
Second and subsequent entries:
33. "Young People's Creative Work."
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Newspapers are more commonly cited in notes than in bibliographies. Newspaper items need not be listed in the bibliography if these have been documented in the text. If a bibliography entry were included you would use the title of the newspaper in place of an author (see Manual 14.199):
Title of Newspaper. "Title of Article." Date. URL (if consulted online).
Bibliography entry example
Horsham Times. "Young People's Creative Work." January 13, 1950. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/72799062.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.199.
- In circumstances where news stories are unfolding over time, it may be appropriate to include a time-stamp where one is included with the article. List the time as posted, with the timezone as appropriate (i.e. 3:55 pm EST). See Manual 14.191.
- If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.
- Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.
- To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.
- Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).
- Page numbers are usually omitted.
- Details of the edition can be added to a note or bibliographical entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
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With author
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
15. Author, “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper, Date, URL (if consulted online).
Footnote example
15. Kirthana Ramisetti, "Joni Mitchell suffered aneurysm and cannot speak, David Crosby says," New York Daily News, June 27, 2015, 12:53 p.m. EDT, http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/david-crosby-joni-mitchell-suffered-aneurysm-speak-article-1.2273408.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Newspapers are more commonly cited in notes than in bibliographies. Newspaper items need not be listed in the bibliography if these have been documented in the text. If a bibliography entry were included it would appear as follows:
Author (surname, given name). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Date. URL (if consulted online).
Example - bibliography entry
Ramisetti, Kirthana. "Joni Mitchell suffered aneurysm and cannot speak, David Crosby says." New York Daily News, June 27, 2015, 12:53 p.m. EDT. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/david-crosby-joni-mitchell-suffered-aneurysm-speak-article-1.2273408.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.191.
- In circumstances where news stories are unfolding over time, it may be appropriate to include a time-stamp where one is included with the article. List the time as posted, with the timezone as appropriate (i.e. 3:55 pm EST). See Manual 14.191.
- In the bibliography (but not in the footnotes), invert the name of the first author only (i.e. surname, given name).
- If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.
- Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.
- To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.
- Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).
- Page numbers are usually omitted.
- Details of the edition can be added to a note or bibliographical entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
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Review in a newspaper
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
18. Author of review, “Title of Review,” [review of] Title, Creator or Sponsor of work, Publication title, Month Day, Year, other publication information, DOI/ URL/ Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
4. Jake Wilson, "Booksmart: At last, a polished teen feminist buddy movie," review of Booksmart, directed by Olivia Wilde, The Age, July 12, 2019, https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/booksmart-at-last-a-polished-teen-feminist-buddy-movie-20190709-p525k2.html.
Second and subsequent entries:
7. Wilson, "Booksmart: At last."
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Creator of work (surname, first name). "Title of Review," review of Title, Sponsor of work. Publication title, Month Day, Year, other publication information. DOI/URL/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
Wilson, Jake. "Booksmart: At last, a polished teen feminist buddy movie," review of Booksmart, directed by Olivia Wilde. The Age, July 12, 2019. https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/booksmart-at-last-a-polished-teen-feminist-buddy-movie-20190709-p525k2.html.
Style notes for the reference type
- Further examples of play, film and TV reviews are provided in the manual (Manual 14.203).
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
- Some online articles may not have page numbers.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the first author only (i.e. surname, given name).
- Italicise the name of the reviewed work and the newspaper.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article. Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
Footnotes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |
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