Music and audio
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Sound recording
Entry in footnotes
33. Composer/Performer, Title of Recording, Label & publisher number, date, format.
For example - footnotes
33. Pink Floyd, Delicate Sound of Thunder, CBS 4631612, 1988, compact disc.
Entry in bibliography
Composer/Performer. Title of Recording. Label & Publisher number, date, format.
For example - bibliography
Pink Floyd. Delicate Sound of Thunder. CBS 4631612, 1998, compact disc.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.263.
- Italicise the official title of the album, but individual track titles should be included in quotation marks (Manual 8.197).
- If the performer or conductor (or similar) is more relevant than the composer, they may be listed first.
- Include any information about the work that is relevant, including performers, conductors, performance dates, medium and publisher details.
- For the date, include the date of the recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording. If a date cannot be found consult a library catalog or other resource; citations without a date are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no date).
- Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago Manual, chapter 14.263 and 14.63).
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Sound recording: Downloaded audio file
Entry in footnotes
41. Composer, Title, Details of recording, format, Label & Publisher number, year, Source of file/URL.
OR
34. "Track title," format, track number on Composer, Title, details of recording, Label & publisher number, year, Source of file/URL.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
41. Philip Glass, The Hours/Distant Figure, Anton Batagov (piano), MP3 audio, Orange Mountain Music, 2018, iTunes.
Second and subsequent entries:
55. Glass, The Hours/Distant Figure.
OR
First entry:
34. "An Unwelcome Friend," MP3 audio, track 5 on Philip Glass, The Hours/Distant Figure, Anton Batagov (piano), Orange Mountain Music, 2018, iTunes.
Second and subsequent entries:
56. Glass, "An Unwelcome Friend."
Entry in bibliography
Composer (Surname, First name). Title. Details of recording. Label & Publisher number, year, format. Source of file/URL.
For example - bibliography
Glass, Philip. The Hours/Distant Figure. Anton Batagov (piano). Orange Mountain Music, 2018, MP3 audio. iTunes.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.263.
- Italicise the official title of the album, but individual track titles should be included in quotation marks (Manual 8.197).
- If the performer or conductor (or similar) is more relevant than the composer, they may be listed first.
- Include any information about the work that is relevant, including performers, conductors, performance dates, medium and publisher details.
- Include the name of the download service as part of the citation. If a separate URL can be determined from the source, include that at the end.
- For the date, include the date of the recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording. If a date cannot be found consult a library catalog or other resource; citations without a date are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no date).
- Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago Manual, chapter 14.263 and 14.63).
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Sound recording: Streamed online
Entry in footnotes
21. "Track title", streaming service, track number on Composer, Title, Label & Publisher number, year, URL (if available).
OR
33. Composer, Title, streaming service, Label & Publisher number, year, URL (if available).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
21. "So What," Spotify, track 1 on Miles Davis, Kind of Blue, Columbia, 1959, https://open.spotify.com/track/4vLYewWIvqHfKtJDk8c8tq.
Second and subsequent entries:
55. Davis, "So What."
OR
First entry:
33. Miles Davis, Early Milestones: Original Recordings 1945-1949, Naxos Music Library, Naxos Jazz Legends, 2002.
Second and subsequent entries:
45. Davis, Early Milestones.
Entry in bibliography
Composer (Surname, First name). "Track title." Track number on Title. Details of recording. Label & Publisher number, Year, streaming service. URL (if available).
OR
Composer (Surname, First name). Title. Details of recording. Label & Publisher number, year, streaming service. URL (if available).
For example - bibliography
Davis, Miles."So What". Track 1 on Kind of Blue. Recorded 1959. Columbia CL 1355, Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/track/4vLYewWIvqHfKtJDk8c8tq.
OR
Davis, Miles. Early Milestones: Original Recordings 1945-1949. Naxos Jazz Legends 8.120607, 2002, Naxos Music Library.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.263.
- Italicise the official title of the album, but individual track titles should be included in quotation marks (Manual 8.197).
- If the performer or conductor (or similar) is more relevant than the composer, they may be listed first.
- Include any information about the work that is relevant, including performers, conductors, performance dates, medium and publisher details.
- Include the name of the streaming service as part of the citation. If a separate URL can be determined from the source, include that at the end.
- For the date, include the date of the recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording. If a date cannot be found consult a library catalog or other resource; citations without a date are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no date).
- Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago Manual, chapter 14.263 and 14.63).
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Radio program
Entry in footnotes
Broadcast
34. "Segment title (if relevant)," Presenter, Title of program, aired Date, on Network.
Online
44. Interview subject, interview by Host, Title of program, date of publication or access, URL.
For example - footnotes
Broadcast
34. "Federation," Joel Carnegie, Music in Time, aired November 26, 2018, on ABC Classic FM.
Online
44. Meg Mac, interview by Nkechi Anele, Roots 'N All, April 16, 2018, https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/roots-n-all/megmac-asos-extend-iv/9671950.
Second and subsequent entries:
45. "Federation," Music in Time.
OR
50. Meg Mac, interview by Nkechi Anele.
Entry in bibliography
Broadcast
Title. "Title of segment." Presenter. Aired date, on Network.
Online
Title. Interview subject, interview by Host. Date of publication or access, URL.
For example - bibliography
Broadcast
Music in Time. "Federation." Joel Carnegie. Aired November 26, 2018, on ABC Classic FM.
Online
Roots 'N All. Meg Mac, interview by Nkechi Anele. April 16, 2018. https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/roots-n-all/megmac-asos-extend-iv/9671950.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.261 and 14.265. See also Turabian 17.8.3.2.
- The order of the citation elements may depend on the nature of the resource and on what the focus of the citation is (i.e. you may cite the director's name first if the direction of the work is your primary focus).
- Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included (i.e. additional writers, actors, producers). See above links for examples.
- Segment titles should appear in quotation marks. Names of interview subjects should just appear in roman text.
- Bibliography entries are usually listed by title (see Turabian 17.8.3.2)
- For recordings accessed online, if there is no date of production or broadcast provided, you should include an access date prior to the URL (Manual 14.12).
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Podcast
Entry in footnotes
31. Name of host/s, “Title of Episode,” date posted/broadcast, in Title of Podcast, additional information, podcast, MP3 audio, duration, URL/Source of download.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
31. Fidler, Richard, "Robert Connolly's Audacious Film Adaptation of Tim Winton's 'The Turning'," September 20, 2018, in Conversations, interview by Richard Fidler, podcast, MP3 audio, 50:55, https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/robert-connollys-audacious-film-adaption-of-tim-wintons-the-turn/7755452.
OR
33. Roman Mars, "All In Your Head," June 10, 2015, in 99% Invisible, Episode produced by Hrishikesh Hirway, podcast, MP3 audio, 36:34, iTunes.
Second and subsequent entries:
66. "Robert Connolly's Audacious Film Adaptation."
OR
45. Mars, "All In Your Head".
Entry in bibliography
Name of host/s. "Title of Episode". Date posted/broadcast. In Title of Podcast. Additional information. Podcast, MP3 audio, duration. URL/Source of download.
For example - bibliography
Fidler, Richard. "Robert Connolly's Audacious Film Adaptation of Tim Winton's 'The Turning'." September 20, 2018. In Conversations. Interview by Richard Fidler. Podcast, MP3 audio, 50:55. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/robert-connollys-audacious-film-adaption-of-tim-wintons-the-turn/7755452.
OR
Mars, Roman. "All In Your Head." June 10, 2015. In 99% Invisible. Episode produced by Hrishikesh Hirway. Podcast, MP3 audio, 36:34. iTunes.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.267 and Turabian 17.10.3.3.
- A podcast or series title should be italicised. An individual podcast episode should be placed in quotation marks (see Manual 8.189).
- If no date can be determined from the source, include an access date.
- Where actual names are used, invert the names of the first named person only in bibliography.
- Different sources will provide more or less information about the item. Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included, for example the name of a YouTube channel or where and when it was recorded.
- If the material is a recording of a performance, or is a digitised version of pre-existing material, you should also include information about the original source. The order of these entries may depend on the information available.
- Use a permanent URL wherever available, otherwise list the source of the download.
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Music score
Entry in footnotes
10. Composer, Title of Score (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
10. Igor Stravinsky, Rite of Spring (London, England: Hansen House, 1975), 3.
Second and subsequent entries:
31. Stravinsky, Rite of Spring, 4.
Entry in bibliography
Composer. Title of Score. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Stravinsky, Igor. Rite of Spring. London, England: Hansen House, 1975.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.255.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. Additional information such as an editor's name or additional writers may be included where relevant (see Manual 14.104).
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the composer (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
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Online music score
Entry in footnotes
31. Composer, Title of Work, ed. Editor name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), URL/DOI/Database name.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
31. Modest Mussorgsky, "Reverie," in Complete Collected Works, ed. Pavel Lamm (Moscow: Muzgiz, 1939), https://imslp.org/wiki/Reverie_(Mussorgsky%2C_Modest).
OR
44. Heather Frasch, Collage (Paris: BabelScores, 2011), BabelScores Contemporary Music Online.
Second and subsequent entries:
45. Mussorsky, "Reverie."
OR
55. Frasch, Collage.
Entry in bibliography
Composer (Surname, First name). Title of Work. Edited by Editor. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. URL/DOI/Database name.
For example - bibliography
Mussorgsky, Modest. "Reverie" in Complete Collected Works. Edited by Pavel Lamm. Moscow: Muzgiz, 1939. https://imslp.org/wiki/Reverie_(Mussorgsky%2C_Modest).
OR
Frasch, Heather. Collage. Paris: BabelScores, 2011. BabelScores Contemporary Music Online.
Style notes
- Online music scores are treated in the same way as electronic books. The URL/DOI should be the last part of the full citation. See Manual 14.159, 14.160 and 14.161.
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Sometimes a suitable URL is not available, or is only for subscribers of the database. In these cases it is appropriate to just include the database name (i.e. BabelScores) (Manual 14.161).
- Include an editor's name wherever possible. This helps identify particular versions of a work.
- Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included. It is not appropriate to just include the URL.
- DOI stands for 'digital object identifier' and provides a permanent and stable link to a resource. Use this in place of a URL where it exists.
- If no date can be determined from the source, include the date the material was last accessed.
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Liner notes
The citation of liner notes accompanying audio recordings is not dealt with comprehensively in the Chicago Manual of Style, apart from a brief note in the Q&A section. The following guidance incorporates this advice but also includes some interpretation based on examples provided for sound recordings and supplementary information.
Entry in footnotes
No author
34. Composer/Performer, Title of recording, Label & Publisher number, date, format, liner notes, page number.
With an author
22. Author of notes, [liner notes to] Composer/Performer, Title, Label & Publisher number, date, format, page number.
For example - footnotes
No author
13. Idea of North, The Gospel Project, Magnetic Records 934 128-4, 2006, compact disc, liner notes.
With an author
22. David Cairns, liner notes to Hector Berlioz, The Complete Works, Warner Classics 190295519414, 2019, compact disc, 40.
Second and subsequent entries:
36. Idea of North, liner notes.
OR
45. Cairns, liner notes, 42.
Entry in bibliography
No author
Composer/Performer. Title of recording. Label & publisher number, date. Format. Liner notes.
With an author
Author (surname, given name). [Liner notes to] Composer/Performer. Title of recording. Label & publisher number, date. Format.
For example - bibliography
No author
Idea of North. The Gospel Project. Magnetic Records 934 128-4, 2006. Compact disc. Liner notes.
With an author
Cairns, David. Liner notes to Hector Berlioz. The Complete Works. Warner Classics 190295519414, 2019. Compact disc.
Style notes
- See this brief note in the Chicago Manual Q&A section, and Manual 14.263. Please check with your lecturer if you are unsure of how to deal with citation of liner notes.
- Where liner notes are unsigned (no attributed author), simply include 'Liner notes' at the end of the citation. Where there is a named author, you may cite them by the name of the author.
- If the performer or conductor (or similar) is more relevant than the composer, they may be listed first.
- Include any information about the work that is relevant, including performers, conductors, performance dates, medium and publisher details.
- For the date, include the date of the recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording. If a date cannot be found consult a library catalog or other resource; citations without a date are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no date).
- If the notes are titled, include the title in quotation marks after the author's name.
- Publisher numbers can be found on the CD liner notes or track listing.
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (online) or you can borrow a copy from the library.
Before writing your list of references, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.
Notes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |
Specific reference types
Books
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).
- No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
Journals
- Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article. Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
- For online articles that have not been assigned a DOI include a URL. Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
Newspapers
- If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.
- Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.
- Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).
- Page numbers are usually omitted.
- Details of the edition can be added to a note or bibliographical entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
- To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.
Electronic sources
- A web page is any one of the “pages,” or subdocuments, that make up a website. A blog is a category of website that includes dated entries and dated comments. The title of a blog should be italicised; titles of blog entries (analogous to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.
- Include the title of the web page, the title of the website (or a description), the author of the content and/or the owner (sponsor) of the site, and a URL.
- Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date.
Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively. - If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
- Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, not in the bibliography.
Audio-visual
- Episodes and indexed scenes are treated like chapters.
- Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago manual of style, chapter 14.263).
For more information
For more information and examples not covered here, refer to Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. chapter 14 (login required).
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