Journal
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
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One author
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
11. Author, “Title of article,” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (year): page number(s), DOI/URL/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
11. Edward Winters, "The World is Not Enough," Monist: An International Quarterly of General Philosophical Inquiry 101, no. 1 (Jan 2018): 84, doi: 10.1093/monist/onx038.
Second and subsequent entries:
21. Winters, "World is Not Enough," 89.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author (surname, given name). “Title of article.” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (year): page numbers of article. DOI/URL/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
Winters, Edward. "The World is Not Enough." Monist: An International Quarterly of General Philosophical Inquiry 101, no. 1 (Jan 2018): 83-98. doi: 10.1093/monist/onx038.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.168 - 14.187. Information on articles consulted online at 14.175.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- For online articles that have been assigned a DOI, note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Italicise the name of the journal.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
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Two to three authors
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
12. Author 1, Author 2, and Author 3, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (year): page number(s), DOI/URL/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
12. Charmian Brinson and Richard Dove, "Friends and Enemies: The Freier Deutscher Kulturbund and the British, 1938-1946," Angermion 5, no. 1 (Dec 2012): 144, doi: 10.1515/anger-2012-0006.
Second and subsequent entries:22. Brinson and Dove, "Friends and Enemies," 144.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 (surname, given name), Author 2, and Author 3. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (year): page number(s).
Bibliography entry example
Brinson, Charmian, and Richard Dove. "Friends and Enemies: The Freier Deutscher Kulturbund and the British, 1938-1946. " Angermion 5, no. 1 (Dec 2012): 135-146. doi: 10.1515/anger-2012-0006.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.168 - 14.187. Information on articles consulted online at 14.175.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- For online articles that have been assigned a DOI, note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the first author only (i.e. surname, given name).
- Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Italicise the name of the journal.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
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Four or more authors
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
13. Author 1 et al., “Title of Article,” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (year): page number(s), DOI/URL/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
13. Maria Rosa Montinari et al., "History of Music Therapy and Its Contemporary Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases," Southern Medical Journal 111, no. 2 (2018): 101, doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000765.
23. Montinari et al., "History of Music Therapy," 100.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 (surname, given name), Author 2, Author 3, and Author 4. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (year): page number(s). DOI/URL/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
Montinari, Maria Rosa, Simona Giardina, Pierluca Minelli, and Sergio Minelli. "History of Music Therapy and Its Contemporary Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases." Southern Medical Journal 111, no. 2 (2018): 98-102. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000765.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.168 - 14.187. Information on articles consulted online at 14.175.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- For online articles that have been assigned a DOI, note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the first author only (i.e. surname, given name).
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all authors.
- In footnotes, give the name only of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin for ‘and others’) (see Manual 14.76).
- Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Italicise the name of the journal.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
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Magazine
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
13. Author(s), “Title of Article,” Title of Publication, date, page number(s), URL.
Footnote example First entry:
13. Sarah Kirkup, "Kate Whitley: Igniting Dance with Her Music," Gramophone, October 19, 2018, https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/kate-whitley-igniting-dance-with-her-music.
Second and subsequent entries:
23. Kirkup, "Kate Whitley."
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author (surname, given name). "Title of article." Title of Publication, date. URL.
Bibliography entry example
Kirkup, Sarah. "Kate Whitley: Igniting Dance with Her Music." Gramophone, October 19, 2018. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/kate-whitley-igniting-dance-with-her-music.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.188 and 14.189.
- For magazines, the procedure is generally the same as for journals. The volume and issue or other information is replaced by the date.
- A specific page number (where available) should be included in the footnote, but page numbers are generally omitted from the bibliography (Manual 14.188). Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
- If no suitable URL is available, include the name of the database (Manual 14.189).
- If consulting online, specific page numbers may not be available so may be omitted from your citation (Manual 14.189).
- Articles accessed using a specific app should cite the name of application or device required (i.e. iPhone app) (Manual 14.189).
- For articles consulted in print, omit the URL or database name from your citation.
- Date of publication to be recorded as month, day, year.
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Review published in a journal
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
18. Author of review, “Title of Review,” review of Title, Creator or Sponsor of work, Publication title volume, issue (date): page number(s), DOI/URL/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
2. Charlie Fox, review of Julie Becker, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, Artforum 57, no.09 (Sept 2018): 283.
Second and subsequent entries:
5. Fox, review of Julie Becker.
Format for bibliography
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Creator of work (surname, first name). "Title of Review," review of Title, Sponsor of work. Publication title volume, issue (date): page number(s). DOI/URL/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
Fox, Charlie. Review of Julie Becker, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. Artforum 57, no. 09 (Sept 2018): 283-284.
Style notes for this reference type
- Further examples of book reviews in journals are provided in the manual (Manual 14.202).
- For articles consulted online, the preference is to include a DOI or stable URL. Sometimes a suitable URL will not be available, or will be restricted to subscribers to the database. In these cases, it is appropriate to list the name of the database used (Manual 14.175).
- For online articles that have been assigned a DOI, note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
- Some online articles may not have page numbers.
- For articles consulted in print, omit the DOI, URL or database name from your citation.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the first author only (i.e. surname, given name).
- Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- Italicise the name of the reviewed work and the journal.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
Footnotes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |
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