Books and music scores
You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)
-
No author
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
1. Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote examples
First entry:
1. The Gardens of the City of Melbourne (Melbourne: City of Melbourne, 1993), 5.
Second and subsequent entries:
21. Gardens of the City of Melbourne, 14.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry example
The Gardens of the City of Melbourne. Melbourne: City of Melbourne, 1993.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.79.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- In the footnotes, do not use 'p' or 'pp' before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’). See Manual 14.79.
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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One author
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
2. Author, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote Example
First entry:
2. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Second and subsequent entries:
22. Otto, Yarra, 43.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author (surname, given name). Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Otto, Kristin. Yarra: A Diverting History. Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.75
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Two authors
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
3. Author 1 and Author 2, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
Footnote Example
First entry:
3. Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock, Practices of Gender in Late-Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008), 123.
Second and subsequent entries:
23. Cassidy-Welch and Sherlock, Practices of Gender, 46.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 (surname, given name) and Author 2. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry example
Cassidy-Welch, Megan, and Peter Sherlock. Practices of Gender in Late-Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.76.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Three authors
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
4. Author 1, Author 2, and Author 3, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
4. Kate Darian-Smith, Kay Schaffer, and R. Poignant, Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives (London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London, 1993), 19.
Second and subsequent entries:
24. Darian-Smith, Schaffer, Poignant, Captured Lives, 27.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 (surname, given name), Author 2, and Author 3. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Darian-Smith, Kate, Kay Schaffer,and R. Poignant. Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives. London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London, 1993.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.76.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Four or more authors
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
5. Author 1 et al., Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
5. J. Evans et al., Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 20.
Second and subsequent entries:
25. Evans et al., Equal Subjects, 45.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author 1 (surname, given name), Author 2, Author 3, and Author 4. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Evans, J., P. Grimshaw, D. Philips, and S. Swain. Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.76.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In footnotes, give the name only of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin for ‘and others’).
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all authors.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Secondary source
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), as writers are expected to consult the resources they cite. This is to ensure the accuracy of the quotation or statement and also maintain its original intent. The examples here are provided for circumstances where the original source is unavailable to consult. Check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) or Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - eighth edition (17.9.3).
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
2. Author, "Title of chapter/article," Title of Book/Journal (publication details): page number(s), quoted in Author, "Title of chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
2. Rosalind Krauss, A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition (London: Thames & Hudson, 1999), 31, quoted in Sven Lutticken, "Media Memories//2005," in Moving Image, ed. Omar Kholeif (London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2015), 47.
Second and subsequent entries:
22. Krauss, Voyage, 43.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author. "Title of chapter/article." Title of Book/Journal (publication details), page number(s). Quoted in Author. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor, page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Krauss, Rosalind. A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition (London, Thames & Hudson, 1999), 31. Quoted in Sven Lutticken. "Media Memories//2005." In Moving Image, edited by Omar Kholeif, 46-49. London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2015.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.260 and Turabian 17.9.3.
- The use of secondary citations is not recommended. You should seek out the original source wherever possible.
- Where the original source cannot be consulted, you must list both the original and the secondary source in your citation.
- The format of the citations may differ depending on the type of documents you are consulting.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Edited book
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
6. Author, Title of Book, ed. Editor Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
6. Jacques Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am, ed. Marie-Louise Mallet, trans. David Wills (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008), 119.
Second and subsequent entries:
26. Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am, 91.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author (Surname, Given name). Title of Book. Edited by Editor. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Derrida, Jacques. The Animal That Therefore I Am. Edited by Marie-Louise Mallet. Translated by David Wills. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.104.
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Use abbreviations (ed., trans., comp.) in the footnote but spell out the words (edited by, translated by, compiled by) in the bibliography entry.
- Where both an editor and translator are listed, their names should appear in the same order as on the original.
- Where the item carries phrases such as 'Edited with a Foreword by...' the note or reference may be simplified to 'Edited by...'
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all editors.
- If the book has an editor in place of an author, the work is listed in the name of the editor. See Manual 14.103.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes. The shortened form does not include ed. or eds.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Book chapter
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
7. Author(s) of chapter, “Title of Chapter,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor(s) (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
7. C. Kovesi, "Engendering Lust in Early Modern Italy: Pisanello's Luxuria," in Practices of Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, eds. Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008), 141-2.
Second and subsequent entries:
27. Kovesi, "Engendering Lust," 149.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author of chapter (surname, given name). “Title of chapter.” In Title of Book, edited by Editor(s), pages of the chapter referred to. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Kovesi, C. "Engendering Lust in Early Modern Italy: Pisanello's Luxuria." In Practices of Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, edited by Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock, 137-150. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.107.
- Title of chapter is included in quotation marks and is not italicised.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography, give the page numbers for the entire chapter. In the footnotes, give only the page numbers being referred to.
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all authors of the chapter.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Organisation as author
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
8. Organisation name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
8. Museum of Victoria, Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum (Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000), 43.
Second and subsequent entries:
28. Museum of Victoria, Bunjilaka, 57.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Organisation name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Museum of Victoria. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.84.
- Capitalise the first letter of every significant word.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography, no page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
- For online books, include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
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Online book
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
22. Author(s), Title of Book, (Place of publication: Publisher, year), section heading or chapter, URL/DOI/Format/Device/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
22. Brian McNair, Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World, (London: Routledge, 2006), under "Cultural Chaos and the End of Ideology," https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=nlebk&AN=157741&site=ehost-live&custid=s2775460
OR
22. Brian McNair, Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World, (London: Routledge, 2006), chap. 5, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Second and subsequent entries:
27. McNair, "Part II," under "Cultural Capitalism and the Commodification of Dissent".
OR
27. McNair, chap. 6.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author(s). Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year. URL/DOI/Format/Device/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
McNair, Brian. Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World. London: Routledge, 2006. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=nlebk&AN=157741&site=ehost-live&custid=s2775460
OR
McNair, Brian. Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World. London: Routledge, 2006. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.159, 14.160 and 14.161.
- Include the URL, DOI or other device information as the last part of the citation.
- Sometimes a suitable URL is not available, or is only for subscribers of the database. In these cases it is appropriate to just include the database name (i.e. eBook Collection) (Manual 14.161).
- Refer to section and/or chapter headings in lieu of page numbers (Manual 14.160).
- Cite chapters in edited books as you would a print version.
- For books requiring a specific device or application to read, you may include that detail in place of a URL or DOI (i.e. Kindle. iBooks. Adobe Digital Editions EPUB) (Manual 14.159).
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Online encyclopedia or dictionary
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
20. Title of Encyclopedia/Dictionary, s.v. “Title of Entry,” accessed Date, DOI (or URL ).
Footnote example
20. eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, s.v. "Street Lighting," accessed June 17, 2010, http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01432b.htm.
Second and subsequent entries:
27. eMelbourne, "Street Lighting."
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Well-known reference works (such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias) are commonly only cited in footnotes, however it is appropriate to include them in your bibliography if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
Title of Encyclopedia/Dictionary. Access date. DOI (or URL).
Bibliography entry example
eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne. Accessed June 17, 2010. http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01432b.htm.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.233.
- Online versions of encyclopedias should be cited like their printed counterparts (see Manual 14.232).
- For references to an alphabetically arranged work, cite the item (not the volume or page number) preceded by 's.v'. (sub verbo), which means "under the word". The plural form is 's.vv' (Manual 14.232).
- Chicago recommends including access dates for online encyclopedias and other reference works.
- Give the DOI when available, otherwise use the URL.
- Online reference works are normally cited in notes rather than in the bibliography. However, they should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
- Publication details are generally omitted.
- For certain reference works it may be appropriate to cite individual entries by author, much like contributions to a chapter in an edited book (see 14.234). Include these citations in the bibliography.
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Thesis
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
9. Author, “Thesis Title” (Thesis type, Academic institution, year), page(s), URL/Name of database.
Footnote example
First entry:
9. Emma Gillespie Perkins, "Enacting 'Creative' Instruction: A Comparative Study of Two Art Educators" (Ed.D., University of Kentucky, 2004), 122-24, http://search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/docview/305172929?accountid=12372.
Second and subsequent entries:
29. Perkins, "Enacting 'Creative' Instruction," 143.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author, “Thesis Title.” Thesis type, Academic institution, year. URL/Name of Database.
Bibliography entry example
Perkins, Emma Gillespie, "Enacting 'Creative' Instruction: A Comparative Study of Two Art Educators." Ed.D., University of Kentucky, 2004. http://search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/docview/305172929?accountid=12372.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.215.
- Title of thesis is included in quotation marks and is not italicised.
- If the thesis was consulted in print, omit the URL or name of the database.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Musical score
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
10. Composer, Title of Score (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
10. Igor Stravinsky, Rite of Spring (London, England: Hansen House, 1975), 3.
Second and subsequent entries:
31. Stravinsky, Rite of Spring, 4.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Composer. Title of Score. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
Bibliography entry example
Stravinsky, Igor. Rite of Spring. London, England: Hansen House, 1975.
Style notes for this reference type
- See Manual 14.255.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. Additional information such as an editor's name or additional writers may be included where relevant (see Manual 14.104).
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the composer (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Online music score
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
31. Composer, Title of Work, ed. Editor name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), URL/DOI/Database name.
Footnote example
First entry:
31. Modest Mussorgsky, "Reverie," in Complete Collected Works, ed. Pavel Lamm (Moscow: Muzgiz, 1939), https://imslp.org/wiki/Reverie_(Mussorgsky%2C_Modest).
OR
44. Heather Frasch, Collage (Paris: BabelScores, 2011), BabelScores Contemporary Music Online.
Second and subsequent entries:
45. Mussorgsky, "Reverie."
OR
55. Frasch, Collage.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Composer (Surname, First name). Title of Work. Edited by Editor. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. URL/DOI/Database name.
Bibliography entry example
Mussorgsky, Modest. "Reverie" in Complete Collected Works. Edited by Pavel Lamm. Moscow: Muzgiz, 1939. https://imslp.org/wiki/Reverie_(Mussorgsky%2C_Modest).
OR
Frasch, Heather. Collage. Paris: BabelScores, 2011. BabelScores Contemporary Music Online.
Style notes for this reference type
- Online music scores are treated in the same way as electronic books. The URL/DOI should be the last part of the full citation. See Manual 14.159, 14.160 and 14.161.
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Sometimes a suitable URL is not available, or is only for subscribers of the database. In these cases it is appropriate to just include the database name (i.e. BabelScores) (Manual 14.161).
- Include an editor's name wherever possible. This helps identify particular versions of a work.
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included. It is not appropriate to just include the URL.
- DOI stands for 'digital object identifier' and provides a permanent and stable link to a resource. Use this in place of a URL where it exists.
- If no date can be determined from the source, include the date the material was last accessed.
-
Song/excerpt from musical score
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
10. Composer (given name, surname), "Song/excerpt title," Title of Score, [edition] (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
Footnote example
First entry:
3. N. Hefti, "The Odd Couple," The Eb Real Book Volume III, second edition (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard, 2004), 43.
Second and subsequent entries:
7. Hefti, “The Odd Couple”. Bibliography
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Composer (surname, first name). “Title.” Title of larger work, edition. City: Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry example
Hefti, Neal. “The Odd Couple,” The Eb Real Book Volume III, second edition. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard, 2004.
Style notes for this reference type
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. See Manual 14.269 and Turabian 17.8.5.3.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the footnotes, do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the composer (i.e. surname, given name).
- Editor's name(s) should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Transcription
This example is an interpretation, based on guidelines for unpublished manuscripts (Manual 14.216) and interviews (Manual 14.211). Please consult your lecturer for specific requirements.
- Neither the Chicago nor Turabian manuals deal explicitly with unpublished transcriptions.
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
27. Composer (given name, surname), "Title, " transcribed by Transcriber, year.
Footnote example
First entry:
27. Amanda Rine, “Citrus,” transcribed by Josephine Bloggs, 2013
Second and subsequent entries:
32. Rine, “Citrus”, trans. Bloggs
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Unpublished works are usually omitted from the bibliography, however they can be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
Composer/Improviser (Surname, Given name). "Title ". Transcribed by Transcriber. Year of transcription.
Bibliography entry example
Rine, Amanda. "Citrus ". Transcribed by Josephine Bloggs. 2013.
Style notes for this reference type
- NOTE: This example is an interpretation, based on guidelines for unpublished manuscripts (Manual 14.216) and interviews (Manual 14.211). Please consult your lecturer for specific requirements.
- Unpublished works are usually omitted from the bibliography, however they can be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
- Treat published transcriptions as music scores.
- Use quotation marks for specific titles of works, but not for generic terms such as 'improvisation'.
- Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included. It may also be appropriate to include an individual performer's name.
- If no date can be determined from the source, use the abbreviation 'n.d' in place of the year. This stands for 'no date'. If you believe you know the date but cannot confirm it, you may add it in square brackets followed by a question mark to indicate uncertainty (ie. [2003?].)
- For transcriptions of a recording, cite the recording itself.
-
Liner Notes
Format for footnotes
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
22. Author of notes, [liner notes to] Composer (where relevant), Title, Performer(s) (Label Publisher number, Year).
Footnote example
First entry:
22. Michael Tucker, liner notes to Dansere, Jan Garbarek, Bobo Stenson Quartet (ECM 2146-482755178, 2012).
Second and subsequent entries:
36. Tucker, Dansere.
Format for bibliography entries
Elements, punctuation & capitalisation
Author (surname, given name). [Liner notes to] Composer (where relevant), Title. Performer(s). Label Publisher number, Year.
Bibliography entry example
Tucker, Michael. Liner notes to Dansere. Jan Garbarek, Bobo Stenson Quartet. ECM 2146-482755178, 2012.
Style notes for this reference type
- Liner notes accompanying a sound recording may be treated like a preface to a book. See Chicago Manual of Style, 14.110.
- See this brief note in the Chicago Manual Q&A section, and Manual 14.263. Please check with your lecturer if you are unsure of how to deal with citation of liner notes.
- The citation is for the author of the notes, so author's name comes first.
- If there is no separate author indicated for the liner notes, simply add 'liner notes to...' before the title of the sound recording.
- Include any information about the work that is relevant, including performers, conductors, performance dates, medium and publisher details.
- For the date, include the date of the recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording. If a date cannot be found consult a library catalog or other resource; citations without a date are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no date).
- If the notes are titled, include the title in quotation marks after the author's name.
- Publisher numbers can be found on the CD liner notes or track listing.
Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.
Introduction to the style
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
Access to the full style manual
This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
The full style manual is available as a library eBook. Print copies are available from the University of Melbourne library. Consult the official manual for more information.
Footnotes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
| chap. | chapter |
| ed. | edition |
| et al. | and others |
| rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
| trans. | translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
| vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
| no. | number |
| suppl. | supplement |
| s.v. | under the word |
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