Books and music scores
-
No author
Entry in footnotes
1. Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
1. The Gardens of the City of Melbourne (Melbourne: City of Melbourne, 1993), 5.
Second and subsequent entries:
21. Gardens of the City of Melbourne, 14.
Entry in bibliography
Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
For example - bibliography
The Gardens of the City of Melbourne. Melbourne: City of Melbourne, 1993.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.79.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’). See Manual 14.79.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
One author
Entry in footnotes
2. Author, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
2. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Second and subsequent entries:
22. Otto, Yarra, 43.
Entry in bibliography
Author (surname, given name). Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Otto, Kristin. Yarra: A Diverting History. Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.75
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Two authors
Entry in footnotes
3. Author 1 and Author 2, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
3. Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock, Practices of Gender in Late-Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008), 123.
Second and subsequent entries:
23. Cassidy-Welch and Sherlock, Practices of Gender, 46.
Entry in bibliography
Author 1 (surname, given name) and Author 2. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
For example - bibliography
Cassidy-Welch, Megan, and Peter Sherlock. Practices of Gender in Late-Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.76.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Three authors
Entry in footnotes
4. Author 1, Author 2, and Author 3, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
4. Kate Darian-Smith, Kay Schaffer, and R. Poignant, Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives (London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London, 1993), 19.
Second and subsequent entries:
24. Darian-Smith, Schaffer, Poignant, Captured Lives, 27.
Entry in bibliography
Author 1 (surname, given name), Author 2, and Author 3. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Darian-Smith, Kate, Kay Schaffer,and R. Poignant. Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives. London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London, 1993.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.76.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Four or more authors
Entry in footnotes
5. Author 1 et al., Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
5. J. Evans et al., Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 20.
Second and subsequent entries:
25. Evans et al., Equal Subjects, 45.
Entry in bibliography
Author 1 (surname, given name), Author 2, Author 3, and Author 4. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Evans, J., P. Grimshaw, D. Philips, and S. Swain. Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.100 and 14.76.
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all authors.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- In footnotes, give the name only of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin for ‘and others’).
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
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Secondary source
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), as writers are expected to consult the resources they cite. This is to ensure the accuracy of the quotation or statement and also maintain its original intent. The examples here are provided for circumstances where the original source is unavailable to consult. Check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) or Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - eighth edition (17.9.3).
Entry in footnotes
2. Author, "Title of chapter/article," Title of Book/Journal (publication details): page number(s), quoted in Author, "Title of chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
2. Rosalind Krauss, A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition (London: Thames & Hudson, 1999), 31, quoted in Sven Lutticken, "Media Memories//2005," in Moving Image, ed. Omar Kholeif (London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2015), 47.
Second and subsequent entries:
22. Krauss, Voyage, 43.
Entry in bibliography
Author. "Title of chapter/article." Title of Book/Journal (publication details), page number(s). Quoted in Author. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor, page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Krauss, Rosalind. A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition (London, Thames & Hudson, 1999), 31. Quoted in Sven Lutticken. "Media Memories//2005." In Moving Image, edited by Omar Kholeif, 46-49. London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2015.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.260 and Turabian 17.9.3.
- The use of secondary citations is not recommended. You should seek out the original source wherever possible.
- Where the original source cannot be consulted, you must list both the original and the secondary source in your citation.
- The format of the citations may differ depending on the type of documents you are consulting.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Edited book
Entry in footnotes
6. Author, Title of Book, ed. Editor Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
6. Jacques Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am, ed. Marie-Louise Mallet, trans. David Wills (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008), 119.
Second and subsequent entries:
26. Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am, 91.
Entry in bibliography
Author (Surname, Given name). Title of Book. Edited by Editor. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Derrida, Jacques. The Animal That Therefore I Am. Edited by Marie-Louise Mallet. Translated by David Wills. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.104.
- Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- Use abbreviations (ed., trans., comp.) in the footnote but spell out the words (edited by, translated by, compiled by) in the bibliography entry.
- Where both an editor and translator is listed, their names should appear in the same order as on the original.
- Where the item carries phrases such as 'Edited with a Foreword by...' the note or reference may be simplified to 'Edited by...'
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all editors.
- If the book has an editor in place of an author, the work is listed in the name of the editor. See Manual 14.103.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes. The shortened form does not include ed. or eds.
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Book chapter
Entry in footnotes
7. Author(s) of chapter, “Title of Chapter,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor(s) (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
7. C. Kovesi, "Engendering Lust in Early Modern Italy: Pisanello's Luxuria," in Practices of Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, eds. Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008), 141-2.
Second and subsequent entries:
27. Kovesi, "Engendering Lust," 149.
Entry in bibliography
Author of chapter (surname, given name). “Title of chapter.” In Title of Book, edited by Editor(s), pages of the chapter referred to. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Kovesi, C. "Engendering Lust in Early Modern Italy: Pisanello's Luxuria." In Practices of Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, edited by Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock, 137-150. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.107.
- Title of chapter is included in quotation marks and is not italicised.
- In the bibliography, give the page numbers for the entire chapter. In the footnotes, give only the page numbers being referred to.
- The entry in the bibliography should include the names of all authors of the chapter.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the first author’s name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Organisation as author
Entry in footnotes
8. Organisation name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
8. Museum of Victoria, Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum (Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000), 43.
Second and subsequent entries:
28. Museum of Victoria, Bunjilaka, 57.
Entry in bibliography
Organisation name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Museum of Victoria. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.84.
- Capitalise the first letter of every significant word.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Online book
Entry in footnotes
22. Author(s), Title of Book, (Place of publication: Publisher, year), section heading or chapter, URL/DOI/Format/Device/Database name.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
22. Brian McNair, Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World, (London: Routledge, 2006), under "Cultural Chaos and the End of Ideology," https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=nlebk&AN=157741&site=ehost-live&custid=s2775460
OR
22. Brian McNair, Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World, (London: Routledge, 2006), chap. 5, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Second and subsequent entries:
27. McNair, "Part II," under "Cultural Capitalism and the Commodification of Dissent".
OR
27. McNair, chap. 6.
Entry in bibliography
Author(s). Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year. URL/DOI/Format/Device/Database name.
For example - bibliography
McNair, Brian. Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World. London: Routledge, 2006. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=nlebk&AN=157741&site=ehost-live&custid=s2775460
OR
McNair, Brian. Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalised World. London: Routledge, 2006. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Style notes
- See Manual 14.159, 14.160 and 14.161.
- Include the URL, DOI or other device information as the last part of the citation.
- Sometimes a suitable URL is not available, or is only for subscribers of the database. In these cases it is appropriate to just include the database name (i.e. eBook Collection) (Manual 14.161).
- Refer to section and/or chapter headings in lieu of page numbers (Manual 14.160).
- Cite chapters in edited books as you would a print version.
- For books requiring a specific device or application to read, you may include that detail in place of a URL or DOI (i.e. Kindle. iBooks. Adobe Digital Editions EPUB) (Manual 14.159).
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name (i.e. surname, given name).
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Online encyclopedia or dictionary
Entry in footnotes
20. Title of Encyclopedia/Dictionary, s.v. “Title of Entry,” accessed Date, DOI (or URL).
For example - footnotes
20. eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, s.v. "Street Lighting," accessed June 17, 2010, http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01432b.htm.
Second and subsequent entries:
27. eMelbourne, "Street Lighting."
Entry in bibliography
Well-known reference works (such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias) are commonly only cited in footnotes, however it is appropriate to include them in your bibliography if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
Title of Encyclopedia/Dictionary. Access date. DOI (or URL).
For example - bibliography
eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne. Accessed June 17, 2010. http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01432b.htm.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.233.
- Online versions of encyclopedias should be cited like their printed counterparts (see Manual 14.232).
- References to an alphabetically arranged work cite the item (not the volume or page number) preceded by 's.v'. (sub verbo), which means "under the word". The plural form is 's.vv' (Manual 14.232).
- Chicago recommends including access dates for online encyclopedias and other reference works.
- Give the DOI when available, otherwise use the URL.
- Online reference works are normally cited in notes rather than in the bibliography, however the should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.
- Publication details are generally omitted.
- For certain reference works it may be appropriate to cite individual entries by author, much like contributions to a chapter in an edited book (see 14.234). Include these citations in the bibliography.
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Thesis
Entry in footnotes
9. Author, “Thesis Title” (Thesis type, Academic institution, year), page(s), URL/Name of database.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
9. Emma Gillespie Perkins, "Enacting 'Creative' Instruction: A Comparative Study of Two Art Educators" (Ed.D., University of Kentucky, 2004), 122-24, http://search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/docview/305172929?accountid=12372.
Second and subsequent entries:
29. Perkins, "Enacting 'Creative' Instruction," 143.
Entry in bibliography
Author, “Thesis Title.” Thesis type, Academic institution, year. URL/Name of Database.
For example - bibliography
Perkins, Emma Gillespie, "Enacting 'Creative' Instruction: A Comparative Study of Two Art Educators." Ed.D., University of Kentucky, 2004. http://search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/docview/305172929?accountid=12372.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.215.
- Title of thesis is included in quotation marks and is not italicised.
- If the thesis was consulted in print, omit the URL or name of the database.
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Musical score
Entry in footnotes
10. Composer, Title of Score (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
10. Igor Stravinsky, Rite of Spring (London, England: Hansen House, 1975), 3.
Second and subsequent entries:
31. Stravinsky, Rite of Spring, 4.
Entry in bibliography
Composer. Title of Score. Place of publication: Publisher, year.
For example - bibliography
Stravinsky, Igor. Rite of Spring. London, England: Hansen House, 1975.
Style notes
- See Manual 14.255.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. Additional information such as an editor's name or additional writers may be included where relevant (see Manual 14.104).
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the composer (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Online music score
Entry in footnotes
31. Composer, Title of Work, ed. Editor name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), URL/DOI/Database name.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
31. Modest Mussorgsky, "Reverie," in Complete Collected Works, ed. Pavel Lamm (Moscow: Muzgiz, 1939), https://imslp.org/wiki/Reverie_(Mussorgsky%2C_Modest).
OR
44. Heather Frasch, Collage (Paris: BabelScores, 2011), BabelScores Contemporary Music Online.
Second and subsequent entries:
45. Mussorsky, "Reverie."
OR
55. Frasch, Collage.
Entry in bibliography
Composer (Surname, First name). Title of Work. Edited by Editor. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. URL/DOI/Database name.
For example - bibliography
Mussorgsky, Modest. "Reverie" in Complete Collected Works. Edited by Pavel Lamm. Moscow: Muzgiz, 1939. https://imslp.org/wiki/Reverie_(Mussorgsky%2C_Modest).
OR
Frasch, Heather. Collage. Paris: BabelScores, 2011. BabelScores Contemporary Music Online.
Style notes
- Online music scores are treated in the same way as electronic books. The URL/DOI should be the last part of the full citation. See Manual 14.159, 14.160 and 14.161.
- Many musical works are known by their generic names, such as 'Symphony no. 1' or 'Sonata in A major', while some have descriptive or popular names (such as 'Eroica' or Danse Macabre). See Manual 8.194, 8.195 and Turabian 22.3.2 for guidance on whether titles should be italicised, in quotation marks or neither.
- Sometimes a suitable URL is not available, or is only for subscribers of the database. In these cases it is appropriate to just include the database name (i.e. BabelScores) (Manual 14.161).
- Include an editor's name wherever possible. This helps identify particular versions of a work.
- Any facts relevant to identifying the item should be included. It is not appropriate to just include the URL.
- DOI stands for 'digital object identifier' and provides a permanent and stable link to a resource. Use this in place of a URL where it exists.
- If no date can be determined from the source, include the date the material was last accessed.
-
Song/excerpt from musical score
Entry in footnotes
10. Composer (given name, surname), "Song/excerpt title," Title of Score, [edition] (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
3. N. Hefti, "The Odd Couple," The Eb Real Book Volume III, second edition (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard, 2004), 43.
Second and subsequent entries:
7. Hefti, “The Odd Couple”.
Entry in bibliography
Composer (surname, first name). “Title.” Title of larger work, edition. City: Publisher, Year.
For example - bibliography
Hefti, Neal. “The Odd Couple,” The Eb Real Book Volume III, second edition. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard, 2004.
Style notes
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books. See Manual 14.269 and Turabian 17.8.5.3.
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography (but not the footnotes), invert the name of the composer (i.e. surname, given name).
- Page numbers are not given in the bibliography entry.
- Use the shortened form for second and subsequent footnotes.
-
Transcription
Entry in footnotes
27. Composer (given name, surname), "Title," transcribed by Transcriber, year.
For example - footnotes
First entry:
27. Amanda Rine, “Citrus,” transcribed by Josephine Bloggs, 2013
Second and subsequent entries:
32. Rine, “Citrus”, trans. Bloggs
Entry in bibliography
For example - bibliography
Style notes
- This example is for unpublished musical transcriptions.
- Neither the Chicago nor Turabian manuals deal explicitly with unpublished transcriptions.
- Treat published transcriptions as music scores
- Include additional information in the text if appropriate
- For transcriptions of a recording, cite the recording itself
- Treat as unpublished work.
-
Liner Notes
Entry in footnotes
22. Author of notes, [liner notes to] Composer (where relevant), Title, Performer(s) (Label Publisher number, Year).
For example - footnotes
First entry:
22. Michael Tucker, liner notes to Dansere, Jan Garbarek, Bobo Stenson Quartet (ECM 2146-482755178, 2012).
Second and subsequent entries:
36. Tucker, Dansere.
Entry in bibliography
Author (surname, given name). [Liner notes to] Composer (where relevant), Title. Performer(s). Label Publisher number, Year.
For example - bibliography
Tucker, Michael. Liner notes to Dansere. Jan Garbarek, Bobo Stenson Quartet. ECM 2146-482755178, 2012.
Style notes
- Liner notes accompanying a sound recording may be treated like a preface to a book. See Chicago Manual of Style, 14.110.
- The citation is for the author of the notes, so author's name comes first.
- If there is no separate author indicated for the liner notes, simply add 'liner notes to...' before the title of the sound recording.
- If the notes are titled, include the title in quotation marks after the author's name.
- Include a composer's name where relevant.
- Include a conductor's name in the list of performers if applicable.
- Publisher numbers can be found on the CD liner notes or track listing.
Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.
There are two key components:
- Footnotes or endnotes.
- A bibliography.
For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (online) or you can borrow a copy from the library.
Before writing your list of references, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.
Notes
A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.
The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.
Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:
First footnote
1. Kristin Otto, Yarra: A Diverting History (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2009), 12.
Subsequent footnotes
7. Otto, Yarra, 23.
Bibliography
In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.
The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).
Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.
Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words).
Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised.
Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.
For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.
Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.
The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).
The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).
Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:
chap. | chapter |
ed. | edition |
et al. | and others |
rev. ed. | revised edition |
2nd ed. | second edition |
ed. (eds) | editor (editors) |
trans. | translator(s) |
n.d. | no date |
vol. | volume (as in vol. 4) |
vols | volumes (as in 4 vols.) |
no. | number |
suppl. | supplement |
s.v. | under the word |
Specific reference types
Books
- Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.
- In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).
- No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.
- Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.
- For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.
- Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.
Journals
- Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.
- In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article. Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.
- In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).
- If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.
- For online articles that have not been assigned a DOI include a URL. Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
- Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).
- If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.
Newspapers
- If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.
- Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.
- Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).
- Page numbers are usually omitted.
- Details of the edition can be added to a note or bibliographical entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.
- If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.
- To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.
Electronic sources
- A web page is any one of the “pages,” or subdocuments, that make up a website. A blog is a category of website that includes dated entries and dated comments. The title of a blog should be italicised; titles of blog entries (analogous to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.
- Include the title of the web page, the title of the website (or a description), the author of the content and/or the owner (sponsor) of the site, and a URL.
- Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date.
Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively. - If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).
- Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, not in the bibliography.
Audio-visual
- Episodes and indexed scenes are treated like chapters.
- Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago manual of style, chapter 14.263).
For more information
For more information and examples not covered here, refer to Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. chapter 14 (login required).
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