Reports

You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)

Direct quotations of online material without pagination

• List author year and page number in brackets
• If paragraph numbers are available, use these when page numbers are absent
• Use the abbreviation para, e.g.

  Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new "intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace " (para. 4).

• If a subheading is available but no paragraph or page numbers, cite the heading and the numbers of the paragraph following it, e.g.

  In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that "the level of perceived disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health condition and less by their physical condition " (Discussion section, para. 1).

• If the subheading is too long and unwieldy to use (and there is no paragraph or page numbers) a short title enclosed in quotation marks will suffice, e.g.

  "Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in education consumers and changing consumption behaviour " (Golan, Kuchler, & Kirssof, 2007, "Mandatory Labelling Has Targeted, " para. 4).

Citations within quotations

• Do no omit citations already present in the material you are quoting. The work cited should not be listed in the bibliography either unless cited as a primary source in another part of the assignment.

Reference list

• References cited in the text must be listed in the reference list, and all references listed in the reference list must be cited in the text.

  Exceptions: do not include in the reference list sources such as:

  • Personal communications, such as letters, informal email, or private social media posts
  • Classical works or major religious texts
  • Web sites or Facebook orTwitter feeds when discussed as a whole.

  Cite all these sources only in the text.

• Order the reference list alphabetically by author surnames:
  • Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title (not A or The) .
  • References by the same single or multiple authors are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first, e.g.,
    • Hong, B.H. & Yeung, K.L. (2001)
    • Hong, B.H. & Yeung, K.L. (2009)
  • References with the same first author and different second or third author are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author, or if the same, third, and so on, e.g.,
    • Brown, J., Gold, F., & Black, L. (2007)
    • Brown, J., Gold, F., & Greene, H. (2006)
  • References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date. Lower case letters – a, b, c – are placed immediately after the year in parentheses.
    • Smith, J.R. (2008a)
    • Smith, J.R. (2008b)

  References with multiple authors

  • For a work with up to 20 authors, include all of the names in the reference. When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name. (see section 9.8, p.286 of the APA Manual).

  Formatting the reference list

  • APA requires that the reference list be double-spaced
  • Entries in the reference list should have a hanging indent (the second and subsequent lines of the reference must be indented five spaces.) e.g.

  American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington D.C: Author.

  • Book titles are italicised, e.g., Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Chapter or section titles within a larger work are not italicised.
  • Translated works: if you used the non-English version of a work, cite using the original title and immediately following that title, give the English translation in brackets. If you used the English translation, just cite the English translation.
  • Give the publication date (the year the work was copyrighted) in parentheses, e.g., (2009). Note: APA uses parentheses (…) for standard parts of a reference, e.g., the year of publication, and brackets […] for information that you have inserted, e.g., format information such as [Audio podcast].
  • Journal titles in the reference list must be italicised and be given in title case; do not abbreviate titles (e.g., Journal of Immunology, not J Immunol). Article titles are not italicised.
  • Inclusive page numbers for all articles and chapters in books should be included in the reference list.
  • List page numbers in full (e.g., 132-135, not 132-5).
  • Electronic sources: in general, include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a reference to a fixed-media source and add as much electronic retrieval information as needed for others to locate the source.

  Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:

  ed.	edition
  Rev.ed.	revised edition
  2nd ed.	second edition
  Ed. ( Eds.)	Editor (Editors)
  Trans.	Translator(s)
  n.d.	no date
  p. (pp)	page (pages)
  Vol.	Volume (as in Vol. 4)
  Vols.	Volume (as in Vols. 1-4)
  No.	Number
  Pt.	Part
  Suppl.	Supplement
  Tech. Rep.	Technical report