Images and Audiovisual Media
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DVD, video, film
Entry in reference list
Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year of release). Title of production [Format]. Place of Origin: Production company.
For example - reference list
Aldenhoven, J., & Carruthers, G. (Directors). (1992) Kangaroos: Faces in the mob [Videocassette]. Australia: Green Cape Wildlife Films.
Cantrill, A., & Cantrill, C. (Producers & Directors). Two-colour separation studies [Motion picture]. Australia: Producers.
Clarke, P. (Executive Producer), & Appel, G. (DVD Producer). (2003). Love is in the air [DVD]. Sydney, Australia: ABC.
Fink, M. (Producer), & Armstrong, G. (Director). (1979). My brilliant career [DVD]. Australia: ICON & Majestic Films.
For example - in text citation
Aldenhoven (1992) followed sixty grey kangaroos to determine their lifestyle…
OR
The unforgettable pillow fight between Harry and Sybylla is an incident that in Victorian terms illustrates inappropriate, but innocent, tomboyish behavior (Fink & Armstrong, 1979).
Style notes
- Either the producer's or director's name can be given (or both). Indicate the role in brackets following the name.
- Identify the format of the work in square brackets immediately after the title.
- If you sourced the DVD, video or film online, instead of giving the country of origin and production company, give the web address from which it is available, e.g., Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWlQHqekXcw
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TV, radio broadcast
Entry in reference list
Script writer, A. (Writer), & Director, B. (Director). (Broadcast date). Title of broadcast [Descriptive phrase]. In A. Producer (Producer), Title of program/series. Country: Network OR Production organisation.
For example - reference list
Davies, A.(Screenwriter), & Walsh, D. (Director). (2011, June 23). Episode 1 [Television series episode]. In G. Riley & J. Turner (Producers), Little Dorrit. England: BBC.
Emery, T. (Director). (2004). The mango espadrille [Television series episode]. In G. Riley & J. Turner (Producers), Kath & Kim. Melbourne, Australia: ABC Television.
Kring, T. (Producer). (2008). Heroes [Television series]. Melbourne, Australia: Seven Corporation.
Williams, R. (Presenter) & Vaux, D (Guest). (2009, December 20). A short history of cell deaths. [Radio broadcast]. In B. Seega (Producer), Ockham's razor. Sydney, Australia: ABC Radio National.
For example - in text citation
Kring (2008) expanded the theme of villain…
OR
…superhero theme (Kring, 2008).
Style notes
- List the script writer, presenter, director and/or producer in the author position (as appropriate) and use parentheses to identify their contribution.
- To refer to an individual episode in a series, insert the title (not italicised) after the broadcast date and add [Television series episode] or [Radio broadcast]. Then use the word In as for a chapter in a book, and record the producer in the position of editor, not inverting the producer’s name, e.g., B. Seega (Producer), NOT Seega, B. (Producer). Place a comma before the italicised title of the series.
- Complete with country of production and organisation responsible.
- Radio broadcasts may not have a specific title.
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Podcast
Entry in reference list
Person responsible, A. A. (Role). (Year, Month day). Title [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from web address
For example - reference list
Masters, C. (Producer). (2008, March 20th). What next for Timor? [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn
For example - in text citation
Masters (2008) outlines…
OR
…for East Timor (Masters, 2008).
Style notes
- In place of an author, give the name of the person most responsible for the podcast, or two names with different roles if relevant. Identify the role in parentheses after each name.
- Italicise the title and follow it immediately with identification of the format in brackets: [Audio podcast]. The period comes after the closing bracket.
- Generally the web address for the providing organisation is adequate. If you find it hard to retrieve, give a specific web address.
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Music recording
Entry in reference list
Composer, A. A. [OR Writer, B. B.] (Year of copyright). Title of song OR work [Recorded by C. C. Artist if different from writer or composer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, Record, Cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Date of recording if different from copyright date).
For example - reference list
Nicks, S. (1977). Dreams [Recorded by Fleetwood Mac]. On Rumours [CD]. Burbank, CA: WB Records.
Vine, C. (1996). 5 Bagatelles [Recorded by I. Munro]. On Mere bagatelles [CD]. Melbourne, Australia: Tall Poppies.
Example of re-recording by artist other than composer with different recording date:
Goodenough, J. B. (1982). Tails and trotters [Recorded by G. Bok, A. Mayo, & E. Trickett]. On And so will we yet [CD]. Sharon, CT: Folk-Legacy Records.(1990)
For example - in text citation
The original performance was altered by Rimsky-Korsakov (Mussorgsky, 1994).
OR
As illustrated by Mussorgsky (1994), the original performance emphasised…
Re-recording by an artist other than composer with a different recording date:
…"Tails and Trotters" (Goodenough, 1982, track 5).
Style notes
- Include recording artist when different from writer or composer.
- Examples of recording media: CD, record, cassette, etc.
- Include recording date if different from copyright date.
- For in-text citations, include side and band and track numbers, if relevant, e.g., Sandford (2007, track 6).
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Online image
Entry in reference list
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of work [image]. Title of publication. Retrieved from http://URL.
For example - reference list
Quentin, B. (2016). George Kranky [image]. Quentin Blake. Retrieved from https://www.quentinblake.com/gallery/illustration.
For example - in text citation
As illustrated by Blake (2016), the details in the outlines demonstrate a desire for ...
Blake's illustrations exhibit pure... (Blake, 2016)
Style notes
- If no author is provided, cite the first few words of the title and the year of publication.
- Images you use may be subjected to copyright compliance. Please seek information from the copyright owner of the image if applicable.
- If the date of creation is not present, provide the date of retrieval eg. Retrieved on …
- If the image is of factual content, refer to the figures referencing.
- If the image is an original artwork, please refer to artworks for referencing.
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Image from a database
Entry in reference list
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of work [image]. Title of database. Retrieved from http://URL.
For example - reference list
Nissen, M. (2008, August 21). Chinese artist Ai Wei Wei in his studio [image]. ARTstor. Retrieved from https://library-artstor-org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/#/asset/APANOSIG_10313578440;prevRouteTS=1551912055392.
For example - in text citation
As captured by Nissen (2008), the use of shadowing contrasts the...
Nissen's photograph of Wei Wei depicts a ... (Nissen, 2008)
Style notes
- If no author is provided, cite the first three words of the title and the year of publication.
- Images you use may be subjected to copyright compliance. Please seek information from the copyright owner of the image if applicable.
- If the date of creation is not present, provide the date of retrieval eg. Retrieved on …
- If the image is of factual content, refer to the figures referencing.
- If the image is an original artwork, please refer to artworks for referencing.
This is an introduction to the APA style which is widely used in the social sciences and other fields, such as education, commerce and nursing.
This guide is based on the 6th edition of the APA's style rules which are set out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition.
APA is an author-date style with two key components:
- Citations in the text, including the name of the author and year of publication.
- Reference list at end of paper, alphabetically listing of all references used in the text.
The purpose of referencing is to acknowledge the source and to enable the reader to trace the sources. Reference data must be accurate, including specific page numbers or specific URLs (web addresses), when otherwise it might be difficult to retrieve the original text.
For more information see:
- A tutorial for beginners
- A general outline of changes from the 5th edition. For details of the changes, see APA’s tutorial
- The American Psychological Association website.
Before writing your list of references, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.
Reference list notes
- References cited in the text must be listed in the reference list, and all references listed in the reference list must be cited in the text.
Exceptions: do not include in the reference list sources such as:
- Personal communications, such as letters, informal email, or private social media posts
- Classical works or major religious texts
- Web sites or Facebook orTwitter feeds when discussed as a whole.
Cite all these sources only in the text.
- Order the reference list alphabetically by author surnames:
- Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title (not A or The) .
- References by the same single or multiple authors are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first, e.g.,
- Hong, B.H. & Yeung, K.L. (2001)
- Hong, B.H. & Yeung, K.L. (2009)
- References with the same first author and different second or third author are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author, or if the same, third, and so on, e.g.,
- Brown, J., Gold, F., & Black, L. (2007)
- Brown, J., Gold, F., & Greene, H. (2006)
- References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date. Lower case letters – a, b, c – are placed immediately after the year in parentheses.
- Smith, J.R. (2008a)
- Smith, J.R. (2008b)
References with multiple authors
- Give surnames and initials for up to seven authors. With eight or more authors, include the first six authors' names, then insert three ellipses and add the last author's name.
Formatting the reference list
- APA requires that the reference list be double-spaced
- Entries in the reference list should have a hanging indent (the second and subsequent lines of the reference must be indented five spaces.) e.g.
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington D.C: Author.
- Book titles are italicised, e.g., Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Chapter or section titles within a larger work are not italicised.
- Translated works: if you used the non-English version of a work, cite using the original title and immediately following that title, give the English translation in brackets. If you used the English translation, just cite the English translation.
- Give the publication date (the year the work was copyrighted) in parentheses, e.g., (2009). Note: APA uses parentheses (…) for standard parts of a reference, e.g., the year of publication, and brackets […] for information that you have inserted, e.g., format information such as [Audio podcast].
- Place of publication: within the United States, give the city and the abbreviation for the state, e.g., Boston, MA. Outside the United States, record the city and country, e.g., London, England, or, Melbourne, Australia.
- Journal titles in the reference list must be italicised and be given in title case; do not abbreviate titles (e.g., Journal of Immunology, not J Immunol). Article titles are not italicised.
- Inclusive page numbers for all articles and chapters in books should be included in the reference list.
- List page numbers in full (e.g., 132-135, not 132-5).
- Electronic sources: in general, include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a reference to a fixed-media source and add as much electronic retrieval information as needed for others to locate the source.
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
| ed. | edition |
| Rev.ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| Ed. ( Eds.) | Editor (Editors) |
| Trans. | Translator(s) |
| n.d. | no date |
| p. (pp) | page (pages) |
| Vol. | Volume (as in Vol. 4) |
| Vols. | Volume (as in Vols. 1-4) |
| No. | Number |
| Pt. | Part |
| Suppl. | Supplement |
| Tech. Rep. | Technical report |
In-text citations
- If more than one reference is used in a set of parentheses, the references are ordered alphabetically by author name. Separate multiple citations using a semi-colon, e.g., (Coats, 2005; McMinn, 2003; Ng, Leung, Kwok, & Chan, 2007).
- References with multiple authors: cite all authors up to five in the first in-text citation (surnames only). In subsequent citations, use the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicised and followed by a period) and the year.
- With six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year.
- Always give specific page numbers for quotations in the text and include a complete reference in the reference list, e.g.,
…(Miller, 1994, p. 276)…
OR
Miller (1994) found that, "the 'placebo effect,'… in all participants" (p. 245).
- No distinction is made between print and electronic sources when citing in text.
- If quoting the full title of a reference in the text, the first word of titles and subtitles and all other major words are capitalised and italicised e.g., When The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle was published…
- For classical, major religious and very old works not included in the reference list, give the year of the translation or version that you used, with the word trans. or version, and give section numbers rather than page numbers, e.g., (Aristotle, trans. 1931); 1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version). When the date of the original publication is available, include that date, e.g., James (1890/1983).
- To cite a web site or a Facebook or Twitter feed as a whole or to discuss it in general, you need only to provide the site URL in parentheses in the text; there is no need for a reference list entry.
Direct quotation of sources
These notes apply to the word-for-word reproduction from another author's work.
The quote is fewer than 40 words
- If the quote is fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into the text and use double quotation marks.
- Always provide author, year, and page number or paragraph number for non-paginated material, e.g.
According to Palladino and Wade (2010), "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (p. 147).
In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (p. 147).
"A flexible mind is a healthy mind," according to Palladino and Wade's (2010, p. 147) longitudinal study.
- List the complete reference in the bibliography
- If the quote is at the end of a sentence, close the quote with quotation marks, cite the source in brackets after the quotation marks, and place a full stop after the bracket, e.g.
In fact, "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).
The quote is more than 40 words
- If the quote is more than 40 words, display in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks.
- Start the quote on a new line, and indent about half and inch (equal to a tab space or 1.27cm) from the left margin (in the same position as a new paragraph).
- If there are additional paragraphs in the same quote, indent the first line of each by half an inch (one tab space).
- Double-space the entire quotation. Cite the quoted source, page or paragraph number in brackets after the final punctuation mark.
- Use p. for a single page number (Example: p. 15) and pp. for multiple page numbers (Examples: pp. 125-126).
- If citing an online source without page numbers, cite the paragraph number (Example: para. 4).
- When citing multiple authors after a quotation use the ampersand symbol '&' instead of the word 'and'.
- If the quoted source is cited and included in the introductory sentence only the page or paragraph number is required at the end of the quotation.
Example
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style especially when it was their first time citing source. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Block quote with author at beginning
Lyoob, Rossetti and Chen (2013) noted:
Many software providers take advantage of these developing technologies to provide new cloud computing services or transform their existing products to the cloud. Since the term cloud could refer to any infrastructure, platform or software that serves for cloud computing, every component in the cloud may be provided as a service. (p. 34)
Block quote with author at the end
Cyber threats are not the only challenge to cloud computing:
While security has been a major topic of interest, reliability is a much bigger concern. Cloud computing is based on Internet access, so a fast and constant Internet connection is critical to cloud computing solutions. Therefore, it is imperative to ensure the enterprise's connectivity to the Internet is well-established and that there are backup connections in case of connectivity failure. (Lyoob, Rosetti, & Chen, 2013 pp. 35-36)
Direct quotations of online material without pagination
- List author year and page number in brackets
- If paragraph numbers are available, use these when page numbers are absent
- Use the abbreviation para, e.g.
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new "intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace " (para. 4).
- If a subheading is available but no paragraph or page numbers, cite the heading and the numbers of the paragraph following it, e.g.
In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that "the level of perceived disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health condition and less by their physical condition " (Discussion section, para. 1).
- If the subheading is too long and unwieldy to use (and there is no paragraph or page numbers) a short title enclosed in quotation marks will suffice, e.g.
"Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in education consumers and changing consumption behaviour " (Golan, Kuchler, & Kirssof, 2007, "Mandatory Labelling Has Targeted, " para. 4).
Citations within quotations
- Do no omit citations already present in the material you are quoting. The work cited should not be listed in the bibliography either unless cited as a primary source in another part of the assignment.